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1、第五讲,增词译法,所谓增词译法就是在原文的基础上增加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致起来，使得译文与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来。,增词是翻译中一种常用的有效补偿手段。具体而言，增词是指根据句子结构、意义和修辞等方面的需要，在译文中适当增加词的数量，以便忠实、通顺地再现原作意义与风格。,增词的主要作用是：,补足语际转换后缺失的含义；使译文结构保持完整补充修辞手段解释原作中的文化因素和背景增词的原则是，增词不增义,补足词类,通过对比英汉词类可以发现，汉语中大量使用的量词、助词和语气词是英语中所没有的，因此，
2、在英汉翻译过程中，往往需要根据汉语表达习惯，在译文中适当增加这几类词语，才能使译文句子完整、通顺。搭配性或结构性增词,补充量词,A car a horse 物量词Take a restHave a lookI was extremely worried about her,but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.动量词,补充概括性词语,在汉语中，人们往往把一些词语放在有关内容的后面对其加以概括，这种用法是英语通常所没有的。在翻译中，可以根据情况适当增加这类词语，是译文附和汉语的表达习惯。,
3、Sino-British links have multiplied-political,commercial,educational,cultural,defense,science and technology.中英在政治，贸易，教育，文化，防御，科学，技术方面的联系正成倍增加。,补充衔接性词语,有时，在原作中无需衔接的地方，在汉语中最好增加承上启下的词语，使译文意思更加连贯，逻辑关系更加清晰。He comes with a rough mandate（任务）to cool inflation（通货膨胀）,cut back Big Government and stand up to（迎接
4、.的挑战）the Russian,with no clear consensus（一致的看法）as how.,他来这里有个艰巨的任务，抑制通货膨胀，削减政府开支，并迎接俄国的挑战，但直到现在还没有解决的方法。,The IMFs refusal to lend Argentina more money to pay the interest on that debt is what set off the current crisis,but economists like Ferreres dont think more foreign loans are the solution.国际货币基
5、金组织拒绝借阿根廷更多钱让阿根廷复还他所欠下的利息这件事是导致现在金融危机的原因，但像ferreres这些经济学家并不认为更多的象其他国家贷款是解决这个问题的方法,补足词义,词义可大致分为三类，即概念意义，结构或语法意义和附加意义。词义的判断与选择是理解与表达的关键部分。如果汉语词语的含义大于原意，宁可换一个含义小于原义的。也就是说，最好选用概念意义相同而附加意义小于原义的词语。至于缺失的那部分含义，包括附加意义和结构意义，往往可以通过增词来补足。,补足附加意义,英语中有许多词或本身就具有附加意义，或在具体使用中带有各种附加意义，因此，在翻译时先要吃透其全部含义，然后在其概念意义的基础上相应地
6、增词，以补足附加意义。,He sank down on the chair with his face in his hands.（跌坐）“You are from America?”she asked.“Yes,”I said.She beamed.“A wonderful country,America.”（面露喜色）It was only when Sadat introduced his“Open Policy”(enshrined in the famous Law of 1974)that the climate began to change.（郑重的写入）,Most of ou
7、r squadrons（中队）been pulled back off patrol.Thats damned unusual.Theres a smell（不对劲的味道，气息）around the sub（签署）base.Something brewing（酝酿）.,补足语法意义,在英语中，动词时态和名词复数的含义往往表现在词语本身的变化上，因此统称为结构意义或语法意义。在汉语中，这类含义或是不言自喻，或是通过相应的词语（如副词、助词等）来表达。因此，对于原文中的各种语法意义，要根据具体情况，通过增词再现之。,The old man said,“They say his father was
8、 a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are.”曾经和我们一样贫穷 I went home,met your mother,and weve been completely happy.一直到现在都很开心 Britains railway system is being improved.日臻完善,I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection,but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.我原想像这
9、只是表示爱的一个手势，但现在看来是在闻那只小绵羊来确定这是自己的孩子增加时间状语,Earl and I decided to walk our dog.Somehow our path took us toward the park,across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River.It is like a dream to me now,floating through my mind in slow motion.Many children were playing close to t
10、he waters.增加主语增加时间状语,After the football match,hes got an important meeting.He dismissed（解散）the meeting without a closing speech.（闭幕演讲）增加动词,Basically,the theory proposed,among other things,that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light;就这个理论的基本内容来讲Ideally,one day,researchers will kn
11、ow enough about the genesis（开端，起源）of earthquakes and the nature of particular faults to predict quakes directly.最理想的情况是有一天增加修饰语，以示强调。,增加定语，加强译文的可读性,I read his Progress and Poverty,and went to a meeting of Hyndmans Marxist Democratic Federation.The resounding（巨大的）success of the Curacao experiment whe
12、tted the appetites（激起更大的愿望或兴趣）of Florida livestock（家畜）raisers for a similar feat（技艺）that would relieve them of the scourge（苦难的根源，祸根）of screw-worms.（疯癫）,增加定语，提供 背景知识,Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for me,“like Aarons rod,with flowers”.这些话使我欢欣鼓舞，就像艾伦的棍结出了花一样。,This great scien
13、tist was born in New England.（美国的一个州）,他喜欢指出别人的缺点，但用意是好的。He likes to point out the shortcomings of others,but he means well.增加主语,你越讲空洞的大道理，人家越感到讨厌。The more you talk on empty theory,the more people will dislike them.增加宾语,这个小男孩饭前都洗手，然后用餐巾纸擦干。This little boy always washes hands before meals,and then dry
14、 them with napkin paper.增加物主代词，连接词和宾语,只是晚上躺在床上的时候，她才感到神志清醒。It was only during/at night,she lay on bed,she felt that she had a clear mind.增加强调句式,早知他有病，我就不会叫他来了。Had I known he was sick,I would not call him here.增加连接词,1976年7月28日，唐山发生了大地震。An earthquake took place in tangshan on July 28th 1976.增加介词,增加词语，
15、提供背景知识,三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang the master mind.班门弄斧Show off ones proficiency with axe before Lu Ban,the master carpenter,英语名词的复数,ladies and gentlemen女士先生们the Qing emperors秦朝的历代皇帝the Hitlers希特勒团伙,the Johnsons约翰一家the king of animals百兽之王Automobile fa
16、ctories were closing down in early 1961.汽车工厂在1961年上半年纷纷倒闭,补足语言结构,翻译中的增词，有时是出于汉语搭配习惯的考虑，目的是使译文句子的结构更加完整达意。There were no speeches,no foreign diplomats,no“ordinary people”with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.,Today,we see a China that is still defined by noble traditions of family,scholarship and h
17、onor.Often,however,tariffs are protective and are designed to carry out a particular economic policy.A stock market bubble requires the cooperation of everyone.,Thats the basic problem,and theres a basic answer.Firmness and clarity.It(inflation)distorts our economic decisions,penalizes thrift and cr
18、ushes the struggling young and the fixed-income elderly alike.We see,therefore,how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development,of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.,补足原文中的省略部分,在英语表达中，为了避免重复，在同一句话中多次出现的词语，往往被省略，但是，这种省略现象到了汉语中往往需要还原，才能使
19、译文的意思和结构完整。遇到这种情况，只要根据原义适当增词便可。,Reading makes a full man,conference a ready man,writing an exact man.We dont retreat,we never have and never will.The right context for thrashing out the dos and donts of selling arms and other strategic goods to China presents itself conveniently next week when COCOM
20、（统筹委员会）begins its 3-yearly review in Paris.,有些结构性省略是英语特有的现象，具体表现为把从句压缩成一个短语甚至一个词，但其含义仍然是完整的，不会造成误解。然而，这类省略现象到了汉语中往往行不通。只有将该部分分离出来，单独译出，并增加相应的词语以恢复原本省略的内容，才能使译文完整无缺、一目了然。,Any leak,even at this late date,could have tremendous international repercussions.Joint ventures,in a number of cases,dont work ou
21、t because the“people”relationships become unglued and/or the business cant be made profitable.,解释性增词,在翻译过程中，译者经常需要解释一下有关内容的背景情况，以便译文读者更好地理解原作。通常，在译文句子中适当增词或引申便可做到这一点。如果内容比较复杂，需要比较详尽的交待，最好另作注解。,Nixon learned that Mao would welcome a presidential visit.The FMA（第一商业银行）trader hesitated,trying to outgues
22、s the other,wondering which way the rate would go.Saddam can not single-handedly cause shortages and gasoline lines.,修饰性增词,翻译中的增词还有其他的作用，比如，解决此类转换后的表达问题，是拆离出来的部分在结构上更加完整，以及使译文符合汉语表达习惯。,Premier Zhou would later tell him,“Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world-25 years of no communica
23、tion.”Water can be decomposed by energy,a current of electricity.Happy families also had their own troubles.,He had left a note of welcome for me,as sunny as his face.,Exercise,Mother is always on the side of her youngest son,right or wrong.Kurt spent seven days in the wind and snow,cold and hungry.
24、They lingered long over his letter.From the California West Coast the voice of a money trader in the giant Bank of America drawled,“thirteen and five eights.”,Histories make man wise;poems witty;mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;morality grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.We will nego
25、tiate for peace,sacrifice for it;we will not surrender for it-now or ever.Both the United States and China demonstrate the potential of trade to improve the lives of our people.,If a small country were attacked,we would feel a moral obligation to help.The country has embarked on its rural developmen
26、t programs.If the nuclear death that threatens us all has to be and can be stopped by the efforts of all,the poverty that overwhelms most of the inhabitants of this earth also requires the united efforts of all.,Were I to do it,I should ask for help,too.Moissls not too concerned about maintaining pr
27、ice differentials for bathing suits-local tastes in fashion,for instance,can justify ongoing price differentials.Yes,a lot of your countrymen have gone there.Did you ever think of it?,Alone,Roosevelt could have accomplished little.When I negotiate,I get nervous.When I get nervous,I eat.This was a we
28、althy country,but its been devastated by its leaders.The dishes were passed and emptied,as were the jugs of yellow cider（苹果酒）.,Wine or fish consumption seems to decrease risk,so fish may be brain food after all.Here was an embarrassment of riches for the old gunfighter-two engagements within his grasp!He could be the Lord Nelson of either one,but not of both;too far apart,as Bradford said.They stood and stared at each other,pale as culprits.,
