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1、1、十四行诗(Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提问，后六行回答。后来，怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser,1552-1599）用韵脚 abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,efef,g
2、g，称英国式或莎士比亚式。,2、打油诗（Limericks）：通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌，一般没有标题也无作者姓名，含有幽默讽刺性，常运用双关，内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行，押韵为aabba，格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。,1)There was a young lady of NiggerWho smiled as she rode on a tiger;They returned from the rideWith the lady inside,And the smile on the face of the tiger.2)A tutor who taught on the fluteTrie
3、d to teach two tooters to toot,“Is it harder to toot,orSaid the two to the tutor,To tutor two tooters to toot?”,3、素体诗(无韵体诗)（Blank Verse）：五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。the unrhymed iambic pentameter line,William Wordsworth:There Was a Boy,There was a Boy;ye knew him well,ye cliffs And islands of Winander!many a time,
4、At evening,when the earliest stars beganTo move along the edges of the hills,Rising or setting,would he stand alone,Beneath the trees,or by the glimmering lake;And there,with fingers interwoven,both handsPressed closely palm to palm and to his mouthUplifted,he,as through an instrument,Blew mimic hoo
5、tings to the silent owlsThat they might answer him.And they would shoutAcross the watery vale,and shout again,Responsive to his call,with quivering peals,And long halloos,and screams,and echoes loudRedoubled and redoubled;concourse wildOf jocund din!And,when there came a pause,Of silence such as baf
6、fled his best skill:Then,sometimes,in that silence,while he hungListening,a gentle shock of mild surpriseHas carried far into his heart the voiceOf mountain-torrents;or the visible sceneWould enter unawares into his mindWith all its solemn imagery,its rocks,Its woods,and that uncertain heaven receiv
7、edInto the bosom of the steady lake.This boy was taken from his mates,and diedIn childhood,ere he was full twelve years old.Pre-eminent in beauty is the valeWhere he was born and bred:the churchyard hangsUpon a slope above the village-school;And through that churchyard when my way has ledOn summer-e
8、venings,I believe that thereA long half-hour together I have stoodMute looking at the grave in which he lies!,4、自由诗（Free Verse）,自由诗（Free Verse）:现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman的（Leaves of Grass）中，就采用此格式。,Song of Myself,I celebrate myself,and sing myself,And what
9、I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.My tongue,every atom of my blood,formd from this soil,this air,Born here of parents born here from parents the same,and their pare
10、nts the same,I,now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,Hoping to cease not till death.Creeds and schools in abeyance,Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are,but never forgotten.I harbor for good or bad,I permit to speak at every hazard.Nature without check with original energy.Not
11、es:a spear of:a piece of school:学说，流派 hazard:chanceabeyance:the condition of not being in use for a certain time 惠特曼（Walt Whitman,1819-1892），美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著。本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分，采用自由诗体，语言接近当时的美国口语。,5、Epic poetry,it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject,told in a formal and elevated style,
12、and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe,a nation,or the human race.史诗是叙述英雄传说和重大历史事件的叙事长诗。一种庄严的文学体裁，内容为民间传说或歌颂英雄功绩的长篇叙事诗，它涉及的主题可以包括历史事件、民族、宗教或传说,史诗,史诗一般分作两种，一种为“传统史诗”或“原始史诗”，主要是以口头流传的形式世代相传，随着时间而增添情节，最后被整理、加工，以文字记载成为一部统一的作品。这类史诗的代表有荷马的史诗作品伊利亚特和奥德赛。
13、另一种为文学作家以特定的观念目的有意识地编写而成的“文学史诗”，这类史诗的代表有维吉尔的埃涅阿斯纪和约翰弥尔顿的失乐园。,6、英雄双韵体(Heroic Couplet),the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter,是一种英国古典诗体，由乔叟首创。由十音节双韵诗体演化而来，每行五个音步,每个音步有两个音节,第一个是轻音,第二个是重音.句式均衡、整齐、准确、简洁、考究。举例 拿四行诗的押韵方式为例，有abab型，有abcb型，有abba型，有aabb型，还有aaab型。第四种（aabb型）实际上是双行押韵，英语称之为couplet,如果每行五音步，则称之为“英雄
14、双押韵”(heroic couplet)；,The Canterbury Tales-General Prologue,As soon as April pierces to the rootThe drought of March,and bathes each bud and shootThrough every vein of sap with gentle showersFrom whose engendering liquor spring the flowers;When zephyrs have breathed softly all aboutInspiring every w
15、ood and field to sprout,And in the zodiac the youthful sunHis journey halfway through the Ram has run;When little birds are busy with their songWho sleep with open eyes the whole night longLife stirs their hearts and tingle in them so,Then off as pilgrims people long to go,And palmers to set out for
16、 distant strandsAnd foreign shrines renowned in many lands.And specially in England people rideTo Canterbury from every countrysideTo visit there the blessed martyred saintWho gave them strength when they were sick and faint.,7、Ballads and popular ballads大众民谣,Definition of the ballad:A ballad,flouri
17、shed in the 15th century,is a story told in song,usually in 4-line stanzas,with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Popular BalladsBallads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.Literature of the common people.flourished in the 15th century,printed until the 18th
18、and 19th.The best known of the earliest collections was Bishop Thomas Percys“Reliques of Ancient English Poetry”.英国民谣（English Ballad），起源于中世纪末期，即12、13世纪，兴盛于14、15世纪，复兴于18、19世纪，是英国最古老的诗歌形式之一。它主要包括两大部分，英格兰民谣和苏格兰民谣。,Get Up and Bear the Door,It fell about the Martinmas time,And a gay time it was then,When
19、 our goodwife got puddings to make,And shes boiled them in the pan.The wind so cold blew south and north,And blew into the floor;Quoth our goodman to our goodwife,“Go out and bar the door.”“My hand is in my hussyfscap,Goodman,as ye may see;If it should not be barrd this hundred year,Its not be barrd
20、 by me.”They made a paction tween them two,They made it firm and sure,That the first word whoeer should speak,Should rise and bar the door.,Then by there came two gentlemen,At twelve oclock at night,And they could neither see house nor hall,Nor coal,nor candlelight,“Now whether is this a rich mans h
21、ouse,Or whether is it a poor?”But neer a word would one of them speak,For barring of the door,And first they ate white puddings,And then they ate the black:Tho much thought the goodwife to herself,Yet neer a word she spake,Then said the one unto the other,“Here,man,take ye ma knife;Do you take off t
22、he old mans beard,And Ill kiss the goodwife,”,“But theres no water in the house,And what shall we do then?”“What ails ye at the pudding-broth,That boils into the pan?”O,up then started our goodman,An angry man was he;“Will ye kiss my wife before my eye,And scald me with pudding-broth?”O up then star
23、ted our goodwife,Made three skips on the floor;“Goodman,youve spoken the foremost word;Get up and bar the door.”,Triplet/tercet(三韵句，三行押韵的诗节):,Triplet:a unit or group of three lines,usu.rhymed.三行诗节(three-line stanza，triplet)押韵的形式多样，如：aaa；aab，ccb；aba，bcb ODE TO THE WEST WIND(V)Shelly Make me thy lyre,
24、even as the forest is:What if my leaves are falling like its own!The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep,autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness.Be thou,Spirit fierce,My spirit!Be thou me,impetuous one!,Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like withered leaves to quicken a ne
25、w birth!And,by the q of this verse,Scatter,as from an unextinguished hearth Ashes and sparks,my words among mankind!Be through my lips to unawakened Earth The trumpet of a prophecy!O Wind,If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?,四行诗节quatrain:a stanza of four lines,可以押联韵(couplet rhyme)aabb,也可以押套韵(in
26、terlaced rhyme)即abab；还可以押间韵(intermittent rhyme)即abcb；又可押抱韵(enclosing rhyme)即abba。Awake，awake，my 1ittle boy!Thou was thy mothers only joy；Why dost thou weep in thy gentle sleep?Awake!thy father does thee keepWilliam Blake(联韵),Sunset and evening star，And one clear call for me!And may there be no moani
27、ng of the bar，When I put out to seaTennyson，Crossing the Bar(套韵)Break，break，break，On thy cold grey stones，O Sea!And 1 would that my tongue could utterThe thoughts that arise in meTennyson Break，Break，Break(间韵),I hold it truewhateer befall，I feel it when I sorrow most；Tis never to have loved at al1Then never to have loved at al1Tennyson In Memoriam(抱韵),O my luve is like a red,red rose,Thats newly sprung in June;O my luve is like the melodie Thats sweetly playd in tune.As fair art thou,my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still,my dear,Till a the seas gang dry.,
