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1、关系代词引导的定语从句,常用关系代词的用法如下：,The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.昨天来我们学校参观的那个外国人来自加拿大。They planted some trees that/which didnt need much water.他们种了一些不需要浇太多水的树木。,1.关系代词that与which的用法区别(1)只用that引导的定语从句。that在定语从句中可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，可以代替who,whom,which等。下列情况只用that而不用which引导定语从句。当
2、先行词是不定代词all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one时。Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你还有想要为你自己说的事情吗？You should hand in all that you have.你应该上交你拥有的一切。,当先行词前面被the only,the very(恰恰，正好)，any，few,little,no,all等词修饰时。The only thing that we can do is give you som
3、e money.我们唯一能做的事情是给你一些钱。当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best that has been used against pollution.这是用来抵制污染最好的(方法)。This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.这是我看过的最有趣的电影。,当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。What is the first American film that you have seen?你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know
4、the things and persons that they are talking about？你知道他们正在谈论的事和人吗？当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Which is the bike that you lost?哪一辆自行车是你丢的？Who is the boy that won the gold medal?获得金牌的男孩是谁？,当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是以前的那座城市了。(2)用which而不用that引导的定语从句 which
5、可引导非限制性定语从句，that则不能。He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.他没通过数学考试，这令他父亲很生气。在介词提前的定语从句中，只用which而不用that引导。This is the place in which Lu Xun used to live.这是鲁迅曾住过的地方。,(1)(2011山东，32)The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other.解析本题考查定语从句。句意：这古
6、老的城镇拥有狭窄的街道和一些小房子，这些房子都靠得很近。本题为定语从句，且从句中缺少主语，用that/which引导。,that/which,2.关系代词who，whom和whose的用法(1)关系代词who，whom先行词指人。who是主格，在从句中作主语，不可省略；whom/that在定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略；whose是属格，先行词既可指人，也可指物。在定语从句中用作定语，不可省略。The man who was here yesterday is a painter.(who在从句中作主语)昨天在这里的那个人是画家。I know the man whom you mean.(who
7、m在从句中用作宾语，可省略)我认识你指的那个人。,A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.(whose在从句中用作定语，不可省略)失去父母的孩子叫孤儿。Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.Id like a room，of which the window looks out over the sea.Id like a room，the window of which looks out over the sea.我想要一个窗户面朝大海的房间。,(2)(陕西卷)Th
8、e old temple roof was damaged in the storm is now under repair.解析该题中先行词为temple，将其代入后面的从句中可知temple作定语，故选whose。,whose,3.关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：,We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)These houses are
9、sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)这些房子以人们所期望的那样的低价出售了。He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as作表语),such.as.引导的定语从句与such.that.引导的状语从句的区别：He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.他是一个人人都喜欢的聪明男孩。He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.他是个如此聪明的男孩以至于每个人都喜欢他。第一个句子包含了一个定语从句，因为
10、从句中缺成分；而第二句的从句不缺任何成分，是状语从句。,(2)as表示“正如，正像”此时，as从句中常用know,expect,happen,point out,plan,suggest等单词或短语。He came back home late，as we expected.正如我们所料，他回家晚了。As is pointed out,this is a grammar problem.正如所指出的，这是个语法问题。,(3)The new policy only covers such people have made great contributions to our country du
11、ring the war.解析句意：这项新政策只涉及那些在战争中为祖国做出重大贡献的人们。根据句意，判断先行词为people，又因先行词由such修饰，故用as。,as,关系副词引导的定语从句,1.当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词，表时间用when，表地点用where，表原因用why引导He will always remember the day when his father returned from America.他将永远记得他父亲从美国回来的那一天。The factory where his father works is the largest one in this
12、city.他父亲工作的那个工厂是这个城市最大的工厂。I dont know the reason why he was absent today.我不知道他今天为什么没来。,2.介词关系代词 where/when/why/how when表时间的介词(in，at,during)which where表地点的介词(in，at，on,under)which why表原因的介词(如for)which how表方式的介词(如in)which,3.关于关系副词where 高考对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转向模糊化的“地点”。实际上，where的外延已发生变化，当先行词是表示某人
13、/物的situation或某事发展的stage时都可用where这个关系副词。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了彼此必须分手的地步。,4.关系代词和关系副词的区别关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分。比较：Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?你还记得我们一起在青岛度过的日子吗？Do you still
14、 remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？,关系代词或关系副词的选用，关键是看先行词与从句中动词的关系：先行词是否作从句中动词的宾语或主语；将先行词带入从句中是否需要添加介词。,(1)(2013四川，9)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment they live.解析本题考查定语从句引导词。先行词是environment为物(抽象地点)，而且定语从句中不缺少主语，live在此为不及物动词，故选where
15、(in which)。,where,(2)Life is like a long race we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.解析句意：生活像长跑比赛，我们与其他人竞争以超越我们自己。先行词为race，代入定语从句后为：.we compete with others to go beyond ourselves in the long race.由此可见，race在定语从句中作状语，且表示地点，故用关系副词where。,where,“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,1.“介词关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或w
16、hom(指人)，当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词不能省略；反之，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物)，that/who/whom(指人)作介词的宾语，作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。This is the book for which you asked.(which不能省略)这是你所要的书。This is the book which you asked for.(which可省略)这是你所要的书。,Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?(which 不能省略)这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？He paid the
17、boy$10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.(which不能省略)他付小男孩10美元擦10个窗户，大多数窗户至少一年没有清理过了。The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.(whom不能省略)昨天你告诉我的那个绅士结果是个小偷。,2.“介词which/whom”中介词的确定分两种情况：(1)与定语从句中的动词构成搭配。The man I talked about at the m
18、eeting is from America.The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from America.在会议中我谈到的那个人来自美国。但下面这句中for不可以提前，因为look for是动词短语。This is the person(whom/who/that)you are looking for.这就是你找的那个人。(2)与定语从句所修饰的先行词搭配。He came to a farm,on which he finally settled.他来到一个农场，最后在那里安了家。,3.“复合介词短语关系代词”引导的定语从句，常与先行
19、词用逗号隔开，定语从句常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一个大房子里，房子的前面有一棵大树。,I saw a woman running toward me in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was,she had run back in the direction_she had come.解析考查“介词关系代词”形式的定语从句。考生易受思维定式的影响，认为本题中的先行词为direction，通常与介词in搭配，表示“朝方向
20、”，进而误用in which。句意：在黑暗中我看到一名女子向我跑来。还没有等我看清楚她是谁，她就沿着原来的方向跑回去了。根据句意，将先行词代入从句中应为she had come from the direction，故用from which。,from which,易错点1as与which在定语从句中的区别,(2012安徽，29)A lot of language learning,has been discovered,is happening in the first year of life,so parents should talk much to their children du
21、ring that period.解析本题考查非限制性定语从句。关系代词指整个一句话A lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life。as用在句首，which用在句末，正确答案应该是as。,as,【即时小练】We recommend that our human beings treat the nature with the same care we give to our eyes.解析先行词有the same修饰，其后定语从句则用that或as引导。that表示同一个物，as表示同类中的一个。根据题意可知应
22、选as。,as,以题说法结合左面题目，我们可以汇总在定语从句中对as的考查多为：引导限制性定语从句时，as常用于such.as,so.as，the same.as,as.as结构中。He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday.他看的书和你昨天买的那本是一样的。引导非限制性定语从句时，as引导的从句放在主句之前、之后均可，意为“正如”；which引导的从句只能放在主句之后，意为“这一点，这件事”。,突破指南正确判断找出先行词，看是否有“such”“the same”等词的修饰，是否翻译为“正如”。,易错点2关系词在句中的作用判断失误,(
23、2013湖南模拟)Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.解析句意：在本章的后一部分，将给读者介绍一些案例，在这些案例中，消费者的投诉已经使法律做出了修改。根据句意判定cases为先行词，关系词在定语从句中作状语，相当于in these cases,in whichwhere，即先行词在从句中作状语。,where,【即时小练】Remember that there is still one point we
24、must make clear at the conference tomorrow.解析句意：记住还有一点是我们必须在明天会议上弄清楚的。先行词为point，代入定语从句中做make的宾语(make the point clear)，故选关系代词that。,that,以题说法此题易误用who，将readers错当了先行词，其实，根据句意及从句中所给的语境，我们可知先行词为cases。突破指南定语从句中先行词为case,point,position,situation等词时，一定要确定它们在定语从句中所作的成分，如作状语，用关系副词where；作主/宾语时，用that或which。,易错点3定
25、语从句与强调句的判断,(2013黑龙江哈师大附中月考)It was in the small house_was built with stones by his father he spent his childhood.解析考查定语从句和强调句。句意：他是在他父亲用石头建造的那座小房子里度过了他的童年。前一空中which引导一个定语从句，修饰前面的house；后一空是一个强调句。判断句子是否为强调句，只要将强调句型中的It is/was，that/who去掉句子意思完整，这就是强调句型。,which,that,【即时小练】(2012贵州五校联考)It is few people，have
26、come to ask for the position，I think are fit for the job.解析考查定语从句及强调句型。第一空考查非限制性定语从句的关系词，people是先行词，在定语从句中作主语，用who引导。第二空考查强调句型中的that。,who,that,以题说法定语从句和强调句糅合在一起考查，是对定语从句一种考查方式，解决问题的关键是找准句子的主干意思，即找到强调句型的填充处。突破指南在定语从句与强调句的结合中，“先行词定语从句”多为强调句中的被强调部分。第一空的设置多是对定语从句的考查，第二空多为强调句型。,易错点4由分隔问题而导致的错误,The days a
27、re gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living.解析句意：仅靠体力能谋生的时代一去不复返了。先行词为days，将其带入空格后的定语从句中可知该先行词作状语，表时间，相当于in which，故用关系副词when。,when,【即时小练】Occasions are quite rare I have the time to spend a day with my kids.解析句意：我很少有这样的机会：抽出一天的时间陪孩子。根据句意可知，本题考查定语从句中的关系词。先行词为“occasions”，意为“机会”。由于空格后的句子不缺少成分，故应填关系副词when，在定语从句中作状语，相当于on which。,when,以题说法分隔式定语从句的难点在于如何准确找到先行词，一旦找准先行词，确定关系代词或关系副词就很容易了。突破指南正确分析句子结构，翻译句子含义，是做到此种题目的关键。,完成短文后，你能否对此加以扩展，写一篇80词左右的小短文？_,
