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1、第三章 单 词,单词是构成句子的基本要素之一,因此,单词的翻译直接关系到句子的翻译。,3.1 名词单复数的译法,3.1.1 可数名词复数前没有数量词时,一般要把复数含义翻译出来,即在名词前加译“一些,这些,许多”等词,例如:The teacher may be asked questions.可以向老师提一些问题。Our first electronic computers were made in 1958.我国首批电子计算机是1958年制成的。we are students of Henan University.我们是河南大学的学生。,3.1.2 当名词用复数表示泛指或一类时,有时需要译
2、出复数含义,此时往往加译“各种,多种”等总括性词语,有时不需译出复数含义,具体情况应视上下文而定。Coal,petroleum and natural gas now yield their bond energies to man.煤,石油和天然气现在为人类提供各种各样的结合能。,They will mix freely with other organic compounds and are often soluble in organic solvents.它们能与其他有机化合物自由地混合,并溶于多种有机溶剂中。Properties of non-metals vary widely.非
3、金属的性质差异很大。(*)Insects hide themselves in winter.昆虫到冬天就躲藏起来。(*),3.1.3 a(an)+名词(可数,不可数)单数表示“一类”时,不能译出不定冠词“a(an)”Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢而获得。An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions(H+)in water solution a
4、nd a base as one that would form hydroxide ions(OH-)in the same.人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的物质,而碱则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子的物质。,3.1.4 不可数名词用复数可表示数量之多waters 水域 sufferings 灾难respects 尊敬 regards 问候(意指大量的关心),3.2 数词复数词组的译法,These books are packed in tens.这些书每十本装一包。These products are counted by hundreds.这些产品是成百成百计数的。They we
5、nt out by twos and threes.他们三三两两地出去了。They consulted tens of magazines.他们查阅了几十本杂志。Automation helps to increase productivity hundreds of times over.自动化使生产率提高了几百倍。,当数词复数用of连续相连时,其最终数字范围应该是几个数字的乘积。Tens of thousands of foreign friends visit this factory every year.每年有几万人参观这座工厂。Million billion billion ato
6、ms 106109109也就是1024个原子(美语)Half of a millionth of a billionth of billionth of a pound 0.510-30磅(10-610-1210-12)(英语),注:对于billion及其以上的数字,英语和美语的译法不同,翻译时应视此句出于何种国家的刊物而定。英语 美语million 106 106 billion 1012(万亿)109(十亿)trillion 1018(百万兆)1012(兆,百万个百万)quadrillion 1024(百万的四次方)1015(一千的五次方)quintillion 1030(百万的五次方)1
7、018(百万之三次方),3.3 词义引申的译法,词义引申就是指对某些英语词汇的含义加以扩展和变通,使其更准确地表达原文词汇所表达的特点意思。词义引申注要包括三方面的内容:,3.3.1 专业化引申 有时对于某个词,若使用字典上查到的意义进行翻译,往往使译文不通,甚至令人费解。这是因为科技英语文章中所使用的词汇有些源自日常生活用语,但在科技语境中已是赋予不同于日常语境的专业化词义。因此,翻译时应基于其基本词义,根据所涉及专业引申出其专业化语义。His mother died of difficult labor.他母亲死于难产。More weight must be placed on the p
8、ast history of patients.必须更加重视患者的病史。(clean),This kind of wood works easily.这种材料易于加工。This medicine acts well on the heart.这种药对治疗心脏病疗效很好。The continuous process can be conducted at any prevailing pressure without release to atmospheric pressure.连续过程能在任何常用的压力下进行,而不必暴露在大气中。The two pairs of electrons of o
9、xygen may be shared with two separate carbons forming only single bond.氧可分别与两个不直接相连的碳共用两对电子形成两个单键。,3.3.1 专业化引申,A gas takes both the size and the shape of container.气体的体积和形状随容器而异。Heats given by the boiler comes to the exchanger through pipe line.锅炉产生的热量经由管路送到换热器。,3.3.2 具体化或形象化引申 科技英语文章中有些字面词颇为笼统或抽象化的
10、词语,直接字面译出,要么不符合汉语表达习惯,要么就难以准确地传达原文所表达的意思。在这种情况下,就应该根据特定的语境,用比较具体或形象化的汉语词汇对英文词语所表达的词义加以引申。如:Other things being equal,copper heats up faster than iron.相同条件下,铜比铁热得快。,In general,the design procedure is not straight forward and will require trial and error.一般说来,设计不是一帆风顺的,需要反复试验。Steel and cast iron also d
11、iffer in carbon.钢和铸铁的含碳量也不相同。The return of the light into the same medium in which it has been travelling is reflection.光线返回原来传播的介质就是反射。In the reaction both the acid and the base are neutralized forming water and salt.反应中,酸与碱彼此中和而生成水和盐。,3.3.3 概括化或抽象的引申,科技英语文章中有些词语的字面意思比较具体或形象,但若直译成汉语,有时会显得牵强,不符合汉语的表
12、达习惯,使人感到费解。在这种情况下,就应用较为概况或抽象化的词语对英文词语所表达的词义加以引申。例如:Americans every year swallow 15000 tons of aspirin,one of the safest and most effective drugs invented by man.阿司匹林是人类发明的最安全,最有效的药物,美国每年要消耗15000吨。,Alloys belongs to a half-way house between mixture and compounds.合金是介于混合物和化合物之间的一种中间结构。Industrializatio
13、n and environmental degradation seem to go hand in hand.工业化发展似乎伴随着环境的退化。Super conductivity technology is now in its infancy.超导体技术正处于发展的初级阶段。There are tons of fish in the sea.,3.4 词的增译及省译,由于英汉两种语言在表达方式上的不同,在英译汉时,有时需要增加一些词,有时需要减少一些词,以符合汉语的表达习惯。,3.4.1 省译,1.冠词的省译 一般说来,英语冠词the和不定冠词a及an在句子用作泛指,常省略不译。另外,定冠
14、词the用作特指,根据汉语表达习惯,有时也可省略不译。The atom is the smallest particle of an element.原子是元素的最小粒子。Although the world is large,man is able to live in only a small part of it.尽管地球很大,可人类只能在其中很小的一部分地方生活。,2.代词的省略 英语中表示泛指的人称代词,用作定语的物主代词,反身代词以及用于比较句中的指示代词翻译时,根据汉语的表达习惯常可省略。另外,有些代词可承前省略。例如:Different metals differ in the
15、ir conductivity.不同金属具有不同的导电性能。(承前省略),A gas distributed itself uniformly through a container.气体均匀地分布在这个器皿中。Liquids are like solids in that they have definite volume.液体象固体一样,都有一定的体积。When the solution in the tank has reached the desired temperature,it is discharged.当罐内溶液达到所要求的温度时,就卸料。,3.连词的省略 英语中连词使用频率
16、较高,而汉语则不然,因此翻译出来常省略不译。There are some metals which are lighter than water.有些金属比水轻。When short waves are sent out and meet an obstacle,they are reflected.短波发射出后,遇到障碍就反射回来。,4.动词的省略 有些句子翻译时不用英文中的动词做谓语,而用名词,形容词等做汉译句的谓语。Friction always opposes the motion whatever its direction may be.不管运动方向怎样,摩擦总是同运动方向相反。T
17、hen,came the development of the microcomputer.后来,微型计算机发展起来了。Evidently,semiconductors have a less conducting capacity than metal.显然,半导体的导电能力比金属差。,5.介词的省略In the transmission of electric power,a high voltage is necessary.远距离输电必须高电压。Most substance expand on heating and contract on cooling.多数物质热胀冷缩。,3.4.
18、2 增译,(一)增译表示时态的词1.一般现在时,一般无需加减字,但在表示主语特征时,可在动词前面加译“能,可,会”等字。Extreme temperature causes dramatic changes in the properties of rubber.橡胶处于极限温度时,其性能会发生惊人的变化。Evaporation sometimes produces a slurry of crystals in a saturated mother liquor.有时蒸发能在饱和的母液内产生结晶淤浆。,The presence of an acid stronger than nitric
19、acid accelerates the heterolysis into NO2+and OH-.比硝酸更强的酸的存在可以加速生成NO2+and OH-的异种分解。比硝酸更强的酸的存在可以加速硝酸异裂生成NO2+and OH-。,2.一般过去时,有时可在动词前后添加“已、曾、过、了”等字,或于句首加“以前、当时、过去”等时间副词。Organic compounds were once thought to be produced only by living organism 以前曾认为有机化合物只能从有生命的机体中产生。,Tbe publication of Chemisches Zent
20、ralblatt was stopped during World War II,and the blanks were later filled.德国化学文摘/总览在第二次世界大战期间曾停刊过,不过随后又填补了以前的空白。Gasoline would have been difficult to supply in the quantities required if it had not been for improvements in refining methods and the introduction of cracking.假如当时没有对炼油方法作出改讲并引入裂解法,那么汽油供
21、应量早就难以满足需要了。,3.一般将来时,多数在动词前添加“将、要、会”等字。They will perform the experiment next Monday.他们将于下周一做那个实验。,4.进行时,可在动词前添加“正、在、正在”,有时在动词后面加译助词”着”。Even before the Second Five-year plane,China was already producing all kinds of lathes,machines,apparatus and instruments 甚至在第二个五年计划之前,中国就已经在生产着各种车床、机器、仪器和设备。,5.完成时,
22、可于动词前面加译时间副词“已(经)”、“曾(经)”,后面加译助词“了、过、过了”。The carbon had lost electrons and the oxygen has gained electrons in the change 在变化中,碳失去了电子,而氧获得了电子。It was reported that scientist had worked at the problem of storing the suns heat for many years.据报道,对于贮藏太阳能的问题,科学工作者曾经进行过多年的研究。,(二)增译表示被动语态的词,翻译被动语态时,有时需要增译,详
23、见第七章。The machanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy through a generator.发电机可以把机械能再转变为电能。,(三)其他词语的增译,1.增加表示动作意义的名词引起的增译:“作用、过程、现象、情况、变化”等。Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。The principles of absorption and desorption are basically the same 吸收和解吸这两个过程的原理基本相同。,2.增加表示数
24、量的词(以示强调)引起的增译:“两个过程、三个方面、单独、都”等。Ketones are very closely ralated to both aldehydes and alcohols 酮与醛和醇的关系都很密切。The project is the largest public works program undertaken by a state in the history of the United States.这是美国历史上由一个州单独承担的最大的一项公共工程。,3.增加解说性词语引起的增译:Transistors are small,efficient and have a
25、 long life 晶体管体积小、效率高、寿命长。But,neutralization is cumbersome 但是,中和是个麻烦的问题。,4.增加关连词引起的增译以及增加连贯性的词引起的增译:Evaporation differs from crystallization in that emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals.蒸发和结晶不同,因为蒸发着重于将溶液浓缩而不是生成和析出结晶。The hydrocarbons are all lighte
26、r than water,and,being almost completely insoluble,float on it.这些烃都比水轻,再由于它们几乎完全不溶于水,所以就浮在水面上;,总之,省译是因为有些英语中的表达译成汉语时不需要表达出来就很完整了;增译主要是为了使词义表达得更加完整。,第四章 词类转换的译法,汉、英两种语言的表达方式干差万别,大多数情况下,逐词照译的翻译方式无法表达原文的意思。因此翻译好文章的关键是找到两种语言表达方式的异同,再根据各自语言规范进行翻译。英语:富于词形变化,词序比较灵活。(过去式,过去分词,现在分词,可用于表达不同的时态和语态;定语后置,倒装,疑问句,
27、状语的位置较随意等)汉语:缺乏词形变化,词序不灵活。,因此,英译汉时,译者应大胆摆脱原文表层结构的束缚,根据汉语的习惯,正确表达原意。转换译法是一种可取的、极为常用的翻译方法。转换译法包括词类的转换、句子成分的转换、词序的转换、主被动语态的转换、从句间的转换等。从本章开始,将分别加以叙述。词类转换就是翻译时改变原文中某些词的词性,以符合汉语的表达习惯。,4.1 名词的转译4.1.1 转译为汉语的动词(n.v.),1.具有动作意味的词,常常转移为汉语的动词。Total determination of molecular is possible by means of X-ray diffrac
28、tion 用x射线衍射的方法可以全面地确定分子结构。(谓语部分省译,total转译为副词,另增译结构)Such operations require the transfer of a substance from the gas stream to the liquid.这样的一些操作要求物质由气流传递到液体中去。,2.英语中,某些由动词+er/or构成的名词,如teacher,writer,driver等,当它并不真正表示某个人的职业时,可把该名词转译为汉语的动词。He was a good calculator,so we considered the answer correct.他计
29、算很好,因此,我们认为这个答案是正确的。I suggested the supports should be located every five meters.He was my good supporters.我建议每隔五米设一个支架,他很支持我的建议。,3.英语中有不少习惯用语的动词,如give a picture of,make use of,have a look,take care of等,它们的中心词是名词,汉译时,中心词可转译为动词。These data have been made use of in production.在生产中已利用了这些资料。But even this
30、 illustration does not give a picture of the importance of friction.但是,甚至这些例子并未描绘出摩擦的重要性。,4.由动词派生的名词,有时可转译为动词Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years,because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses.激光是近年来轰动一时的科技成就之一,因为它可用于各种科学领域,
31、也适合各种实际用途。,4.1.2 转译为汉语的形容词(n.adj.),1.在英语的表达方式中,常常用名词来表达某物的性质,在翻译的过程中,这样的名词一般被转换为汉语的形容词。The laws of thermodynamics are of prime importance in the study of heat.热力学定律在研究热方面是很重要的。,2.有时,把带有不定冠词的名词转换为汉语的形容词The maiden voyage of the newly-built steamship was a success.那艘新造轮船的处女航是成功的。He is a stranger to the
32、 operation of the electronic computer.他对电子计算机的操作是陌生的。,3.有些由形容词派生出来的名词,在汉译时,可以转译为形容词He found some difficulties to desigh a chemical plant without an electronic computer.他感到没有电子计算机要设计一座化工厂是很困难的。The complication of mathematical problems made him into difficulties.复杂的数学问题使他陷入了困境。,4.1.3 转译为汉语的副词(n.adv.),
33、Efforts to apply computer techniques have been a success in improving pyrolysis techniques.使用计算机技术的努力已经成功地促进了热解技术的发展。Most of the TV pictures are influenced by high buildings.电视图像大都受高层建筑干扰。,4.2 动词的转译(v.n.),英语动词,从其词汇意义来讲,可分为两类:状态动词(state verb)和动作动词(action verb),顾名思义,状态动词并不是真正地表示动作,而是表示相对静止的状态。在这类动词中,当
34、有的表示主语的特征或状态时,为了适应汉语表达的习惯,可翻译为名词。An acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction(v.n.)酸与碱的反应是一个质子转移的反应。Many cbemical reactions need heat to make them take place(v.n.)许多化学反应的发生都需要热。,The fibre-optic communication features high speed,large capacity and high reliability.光纤通信的特点是速度快、容量大和可靠性高。(v.n.
35、)This machine works efficiently.(v.adj.)这台机器的工作效率很高。The output voltages of the control system varied in a wide range.(v.adj.)这台控制系统的输出电压变化范围很宽。,4.3 形容词的转译,4.3.1 转译为汉语的名词(adj.n.)1.汉译时,可把用作表语或定语的形容词译为汉语的名词Generally speaking,methane series are rather inert.总的来说,甲烷系烷烃的惰性很强。,Zirconium is almost as strong
36、 as steel,but lighter.锆的强度几乎与钢的相等,但它比钢轻。This solar cell is only 7%efficient.这只太阳能电池的效率只有7%。Contamination leads to lower yield.污染导致成品率的降低。,2.英语中,有些形容词加定冠词“the”后表示一类人(或物),这类形容词可称为名词化的形容词。Electrons move from the negative to the positive.电子由负极流向正极。They will do their best to build a school for the blind
37、and the deaf.他们将尽最大努力为盲人和聋哑人建一所学校。The social scientist have a keen sense of the new and the old.社会科学家对新旧事务有敏锐的感觉。,转译为汉语的动词(adj.v.),1.有些形容词是由动词派生而来的,因此,汉译时,可将这类形容词转换为汉语的动词。As you know that also present in solid are numbers of free electrons.正如我们所知,固体中也存在着大量的自由电子。Figure 5 shows the rising power consum
38、ption at increasing clock frequencies.图5表明,时钟频率增高时,功耗便升高。,2.英语中,有些表示“感觉,欲望,愿望,心理,情感”等心理活动的形容词(短语),当它们分别和系动词构成谓语时,可把它们转换成汉语的动词。这类词主要有:sure,certain,afraid,aware,glad,sorry,confident,determined,delighted,ashamed,convinced,concerned,careful,thankful,grateful.They are quite content with the data obtained
39、 from the experiment.他们对实验中获得的数据非常满意。,Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.科学家们深信,一切物质都是不灭的。They sre sure that they will be able to build the factory in a short period of time.他们肯定能在短时期内建成那座工厂。He is quite familiar with the performance of this transmitter.他非常熟悉这台发报机的性能。,3.其他(adj
40、.v.)The continuous process can ordinarily be handled in the less spaces.连续过程通常能节省操作空间。There is a large amount of energy wasted owing to friction.由于摩擦而消耗了大量的能量。There was a large amount of output power wasted due to leakage.由于漏电而损耗了大量的输出功率。,4.3.3 转译为汉语的副词(adj.adv.),1.当英语名词译为汉语的动词时,原来修饰该名词的形容词就相应地转换为汉语
41、的副词。Below 4,water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction.水在4以下不断地膨胀,而不是不断地收缩。,2.习语化的短语动词中心词为名词,当名词被转换为汉语的动词时,修饰中心词的形容词也就相应地转换为副词了。In assembling color TV sets,they made full use of home-made components.在装配彩色电视机时,他们充分利用了国产元件。But even this illustration does not give an adequate pi
42、cture of the importance of friction.但是,甚至这个例子还没有充分地描绘出摩擦的重要性。,3.由于汉英两种语言在表达方式上的差异,汉译时,一些用于其他场合的形容词有时也可译为汉语的副词。At that time,Copernicus was in the clear minority.在那个时候,哥白尼的确是处于少数。Before the 19th century,most ways of making iron were very crude.在19世纪以前,炼铁方法大部分都是非常原始的。,4.4 副词的转译 4.4.1 转译为汉语的形容词(adv.adj.
43、),1.当英语的动词转换为汉语的名词时,原修饰该动词的副词往往转换为汉语的形容词。The communications system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained.这种通讯装置的主要特点是便于维修。,2.把修饰形容词的副词转换为汉语的形容词This film is uniformly thin.该膜薄而均匀。Sulphuricacid is one of extremely reactive agents.硫酸是强烈的反应剂之一。,3.英语中由少量副词,如here,there,aroun
44、d,home,on,up,off,about等,可用作定语,汉译时,这类副词可转变为汉语的指示形容词作定语。The table above shows it.上面表格可说明这一点。Many plants here are of modern construction.这许多工厂是现代建筑。,4.4.2 转译为汉语的名词(adv.n.),有些英语副词是由名词派生的,在它们表示“用.方面/方法”,“在.方面”等意义时,为使译文通顺,这类译文可译为汉语的名词。This crystal is dimensionally stable.这种晶体的尺寸很稳定。The device is shown sch
45、ematically in Fig8.图8就是这种装置的简图。Oxygen is one of the important element in the physical world,it is very active chemically.氧是物质世界的重要元素之一,它的化学性质很活泼。,4.4.3 转译为汉语的动词(adv.v.),英语的副词,如on,off,up,in,out,over,behind,forward和系动词be一起构成合成谓语或作宾补或作状语时,可转译为汉语的动词。The reaction force to this action force pushes the roc
46、ket ship along.这个作用力所产生的反作用力推动宇宙飞船前进。The chemical experiment is over.化学实验结束了。,4.5 介词的转译,有动作意味的介词,如for,by,in,past,with,over,into,around,across,toward,through等,汉译时,可转换为汉语的动词。In this process the solution is pumped into a tank.在这个操作中,溶液用泵打入罐中。Salts may be formed by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.盐可以通过用金属置换酸中的氢来制备。,Thank you!,