商务英语翻译实务实务unit.ppt

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1、Unit Nine,Business Contracts商务合同,世纪商务英语翻译教程(第三版),返回,知识目标:1.了解商务合同的基本知识 2.掌握商务合同的语言特点及翻译技巧 3.熟知商务英语的特点及翻译的原则能力目标:1.能够运用所学翻译技巧进行英汉商务合同的互译 2.能够在商务英语翻译中遵循正确的翻译原则,Business Contracts,返回,Contents,返回,4.Translation techniques,2.Lead-in,1.Introduction,3.Lexical and Syntactical Features,5.Word Bank,6.Practice,

2、Section 1 Introduction,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 2,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,讨论:,外贸合同有哪些内容,Huzhou Import&Export Co.addressSales Contract s/c no.:date:The buyers:Address:The buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the following goods on terms and conditions as below:,1)Commodity description,2)Packing:in ca

3、ses,in bales in boxes of a dozen each,100 boxes to a wooden case,3)Time of shipment:in OCT.12th w/t at Hongkong before the end of OCT.4)Port of loading,port of destination:5)Terms of Payment:by sight L/C,the L/C must reach the sellers before May 1st.by D/P,by D/A 6)Insurance:to be covered by the sel

4、lers for 110%of the invoice value against all risks as per CIC dated January 1,1981.,7)Inspection:8)Quantity/Quality Discrepancy:9)Force majeure:10)Arbitration:The sells-the buyers-,SECTION 1,商务合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的协议。作为法律文书,商务合同规定各方当事人的权利和义务。商务合同一经依法订立,就成为一种法律文件而对缔约各方具有法律约束力,成为商务活动中解决争议的法律依据。涉外合同

5、的分类:国际货物销售合同(Contracts for International Sale of Goods)国际技术转让合同(Contracts for International Technology Transfer)中外合资经营企业合同(Contracts for Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures)国际工程承包合同(Contracts for International Engineering Projects)补偿贸易合同(Contracts for Compensation Trade)涉外劳务合同(Contracts for Foreign Labor Se

6、rvice)国际租赁合同(Contracts for International Leasing Affairs)涉外信贷合同(Contracts for Sino-Foreign Credits and Loans),Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 2,返回,Sec 6,返回,分类与结构 按照格式的繁简程度的不同,国际商务合同可以采取正式合同(Contract)、协议书(Agreement)、确认书(Confirmation)、备忘录(Memorandum)、定单(Order)等书面形式。在合同签订和履行过程中,当事人之间往来的信函、电子邮件、电报等也是合同的组成部分,同样具有一

7、定的法律效力。但是,为了顺利、准确无误地完成合同的履行,保护当事人各方的合法权益,所有商业往来应以合同、协议书和确认书的订立为前提和基础。,分类与结构从结构上看,国际商务合同一般包含如下四个部分1,具体说明如下:(一)合同名称(Title):即合同标题,表明合同的内容和性质。(二)约首(Preamble):A.订约日期和地点;B.合同当事人及其国籍、主营业所或住所;C.当事人合法依据;D.订约缘由/说明条款(三)正文(Main Body):A.一般条款(General Terms and Conditions);B.特殊条款(Other Conditions)。(四)结尾条款(WITNESS

8、Clause):A.结尾语;B.签名(Signature);C.盖印(Seal)。,SECTION 1,通常一份典型的商务合同包含以下表格中的部分:,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 2,返回,Sec 6,返回,SECTION 1,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 2,返回,Sec 6,返回,SECTION 1,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 2,返回,Sec 6,返回,Preamble of a Contract合同的前言,国际商务合同的前言部分,主要包括两方面的内容:其一,主要载明合同当事人的名称或者姓名、国籍、主营业务或者住所(the corporate

9、or personal names of the parties to the contract and their nationalities,principal places of business or residential addresses);其二,合同签订的日期、地点(the date and place of signing of the contract)。,This contract is made this 29th day Of March.2003 in Shanghai,China by and between ABC Corporation China(herei

10、nafter referred to as“Seller),a-Corporation having their principal office in Shanghai,China who agrees to sell,and XYZ Corporation(hereinafter referred lo as“Buyer),a Corporation having their principal office in New York,NY,USA,who agrees to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions as bel

11、ow:,【例1】本合同由中国ABC公司,总公司设于中国上海(以下简称卖方)与美国XYZ公司,总公司设于美国纽约州纽约市(以下简称买方)于2003年3月29日订立于中国上海,双方同意按下述条件买卖下列货物:,【例2】合同号码:(经合字)第0081号 签约日期:2003年3月29日 签约地点:中国上海卖方:中国ABC公司地址:中国上海 街 号公司属国:中华人民共和国电传:传真:邮编:电子信箱:买方:美国XYZ公司地址:美国纽约州纽约市街号公司属国:美利坚合众国电传:传真:邮编:电子信箱:,Contract Number:JH Zi,No.0081Date 0f Execution of Contr

12、act:March,29,2003Place Of Execution Of Contract:Shanghai,China.Seller:ABC Corporation,ChinaAddress:No,St,Shanghai,China。Country of Corporation:Peoples Republic of ChinaTelex:Fax:Postcode:E-mail:Buyer:XYZ Corporation,USAAddress:No.,St,New York,NYUSACountry Of Corporation:United States of AmericaTelex

13、:Fax:Postcode:E-mail:,Final Clauses合同的结尾,合同的结尾,也称合同最后条款,写在合同的结尾部分。结尾条款主要应明确的内容有:合同使用的文字及其效力(languages in which the contract is to be written and its validity)。除了明确使用的文字及其效力外,有时还应订立对合同进行修改或补充的内容。如果合同中订有附件,应在合同中另立一章列出附件的具体内容,并明确在合同的结尾部分规定附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。,This Contract is made out in two originals,each

14、 copy written in Chinese and English languages,both texts being equally valid.In case of any divergence of interpretation,the Chinese text shall prevailThe annexes as listed in Articles 19 to this Contract shall form an integral part of this Contract Any amendment andor supplement to this contract s

15、hall be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written document(s),forming integral part(s)of this ContractThis Contract shall come into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties.,This Contract is made out in two originals,each

16、copy written in Chinese and English languages,both texts being equally valid.In case of any divergence of interpretation,the Chinese text shall prevail1本合同正文一式两份,分别以中文和英文书写,两种文本具有同等效力。若对其解释产生异议,则以中文本为准。The annexes as listed in Articles 19 to this Contract shall form an integral part of this Contract

17、 2.本合同第19章列出的附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。,Any amendment andor supplement to this contract shall be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written document(s),forming integral part(s)of this Contract3本合同的任何修改和补充,只有在双方授权的代表在书面文件上签字后才能生效,并成为本合同不可分割的组成部分。This Contract shall come

18、 into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties.4本合同将在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。,1本合同正文一式两份,分别以中文和英文书写,两种文本具有同等效力。若对其解释产生异议,则以中文本为准。2.本合同第19章列出的附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。3本合同的任何修改和补充,只有在双方授权的代表在书面文件上签字后才能生效,并成为本合同不可分割的组成部分。4本合同将在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。,translation,SECTION 2,II.试把下列短语译成汉语。(1),Sec

19、 6,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 1,Sec 8,Sec 7,返回,(1)minute of talks(2)memorandum(3)validity clauses of contracts(4)assignment and guaranty of contracts,会议纪要,备忘录,合同生效条款,合同转让与担保条款,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 1,Sec 8,Sec 7,返回,(5)rescission and termination of contracts(6)default and escape(7)international conventions and

20、practice(8)international business contracts,合同的解除与终止条款,违约与免责条款,国际惯例,国际贸易合同,II.试把下列短语译成汉语。(2),SECTION 2,SECTION 2,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 1,Sec 8,Sec 7,返回,试翻译下列句子。(1),(1)Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US$500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).(3)This Contract is made by and between the Bu

21、yer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.,甲方须每月付给乙方500 美元整。,买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。,SECTION 2,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 1,Sec 8,Sec 7,返回,试翻译下列句子。(2),(3)This Contract shall come i

22、nto force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.(4)The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.,本合同自买方和建造方签署之日起生效。,下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。,Section 2 Lead-in,Translate the following Chinese passage into E

23、nglish.澳门威尼斯人 条款及细则:“北方馆”位于娱乐场内,18岁以下人士遂不能使用此代用券凭此代用券在澳门威尼斯人度假村酒店娱乐场内之“北方馆”消费任何食品即可享用指定甜品一份必须出示代用券以免费换领指定甜品一份每人每次只限使用代用券一张此代用券不能兑换现金及退款,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,THE VENETIAN,casino,voucher,Venetian Macao-Resort-Hotel Casino,designated,be redeemed for,Terms and conditions:,SECTION 2,此代用券不能

24、与其它推广及餐饮优惠一起使用优惠只限堂食此代用券必须于有效日期内使用,逾期作废如有任何争议,澳门威尼斯人度假村酒店保留最终决定权有效日期:2011年7月1日至31日,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,dine-in,reserve,SECTION 2,Notes:代用券:voucher堂食:dine-in有效期:validity注意几个专有名词的翻译:威尼斯人-Venetian;北方馆-North;度假村酒店娱乐场:Macau-Resort-Hotel Casino。翻译时注意情态动词的使用,尽力按照合同条款的要求将其译成符合英文表达习惯的英语条款。,Se

25、c 5,Sec 4,Sec 3,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,THE VENETIANTerms and conditions:“North”is located in casino area,so patrons under the age of 18 are ineligible to use this voucherThe voucher with any food purchase can be used to redeem a designated dessert from“North”at the Venetian Macao-Resort-Hotel Casino only

26、This voucher must be presented to redeem/enjoy a designated complimentary dessertEach person can only redeem one voucher per visitThis voucher is not redeemable for cash and is non-refundable/cannot be redeemed for cash or refunded if unusedThis voucher cannot be used in conjunction with other promo

27、tion and F&B discountThe offer is valid for dine-in only/For dine-in order onlyThis voucher must be used/redeemed on or before the expiry date stated on the voucher/within the dates of validityThe decision of The Venetian Macao-Resort-Hotel shall be final in case of any dispute/The Venetian Macao-Re

28、sort-Hotel reserves the right of final decision in case of disputes.,Section 3:Lexical and Syntactical Features of business contracts 商务合同的词汇和句法特点,英文商务合同在语言上有其独特风格,具有正式、严谨、准确、专业化的特点。在句式上体现出表意缜密、逻辑严谨、结构复杂的文体特征。法学与语言学的交叉部分是法律语言学。由于合同严格界定合同主体各方的权利及义务,常使用结构复杂、冗长重叠的句子,还包含古体、生僻词语,并大量使用法律术语,这些有别于普通英语而属于法律语

29、言范畴的特征,都成为英文合同翻译的难点。要学习英汉商务合同的互译,先了解一些英文商务合同在用词和句式上的特点非常有必要。,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,SECTION 3,I.英文商务合同的用词特点:1.古体词的使用(archaism):在英文合同中以下古体词出现的频率非常高,而能否在英译汉语合同时恰当地使用这些古体词是合同翻译的一个难点。有对比研究表明一般英文合同译本中出现这些古体词的频率比母语人士用英语撰写的合同的使用频率低。,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,SECTION 3,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec

30、 2,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,SECTION 3,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,SECTION 3,2.不论是中文合同还是英文合同用词都正式简洁,即使能用常用词汇表达的意思也常用正式的平常不经常用的单词来表达,前面所说的古体词当然也是很正式的用词。下表有一些例子:,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,SECTION 3,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,具有法律效力的商务合同用词都很正式、规范,避免口语化。如:The Licensee will notify the

31、Licensor and shall assist the Licensor in taking such action as the Licensor deems appropriate。显然,该句中的notify、assist、deem比同义词inform、help、think更为正式。如果句中接连出现这类词语,其风格自然显得郑重、严肃具有浓厚的正式文体色彩。再比如:The term“Effective date”means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto。该句中的execute

32、较sign正式。,SECTION 3,E.g.The Appendix hereto shall,through the contract period,be deemed to be an integral part of this Contract.本句中,用了古体词“hereto”和正式用语“deem”而非“consider”。3.情态动词的使用1)Shall的用法商务合同中“shall”的用法与其平常作为情态动词的用法差异很大,它是一个极为严谨的单词,而不是随意的建议别人去做什么。合同是受法律约束的文书,shall的使用严格的确定了责任与义务的范围。兰登书屋法律词典对shall的法律释

33、义包括以下三项:在特指法规或司法解释中表示命令、必要性和强制性(expressing mandate,necessity or compulsion,especially in statutory or judicial directives)。表示决心、肯定、强调(expressing determination,certainty and emphasis)。,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,SECTION 3,表示计划、意愿与预期(expressing futurity,especially plan,intention or expectatio

34、n)。在shall用做规定双方义务、责任条款时,应做第一个解释,即表示命令、必要性和强制性,翻译时处理为“应当”、“必须”,不能翻译成“将要,即将”。E.g.The Seller shall not be held liable for the delay in shipment or non-delivery of the goods under the Contract in consequence of Force Majeure,which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loadi

35、ng or transit.本合同中由于在制造和装运过程可能出现的不可抗力而导致的推迟运货或未交付,卖方概不负责。,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,返回,Sec 76,返回,SECTION 3,E.g.The Seller shall inform the buyer promptly of the occurrence mentioned above and within fourteen days thereafter,the Seller shall send by airmail to the buyer for their acceptance a certifica

36、te of the accident issued by the Competent Government Authorities where the accident occurs as evidence thereof.卖方应当立即就上述事故通知买方,并且在此后14天内,通过空邮向买方投寄由事故发生地地方当局开具的事故证明作为证据。相应地汉语合同译成英文时,双方责任和义务部分可用“shall”表达。,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,SECTION 3,E.g.监理工程师的责任:参加工地会议,针对施工中发现的问题提出解决办法,并作会议记录。Superv

37、ision engineers shall attend the construction site meetings,provide solutions to the problems during the construction process and make meeting records.如果句中并不涉及双方义务、责任的划分,shall的含义则表现为后两项的解释。如:The annexes as listed in Article 10 shall form an integral part to this Contract.第十章中列出的附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。,SECT

38、ION 3,2)Should的用法“Should”也经常用在商务合同中出现,而且为了正式起见一般出现在句首。在商务合同中,“should”用来表示“假设”或“条件”,常引导从句,一般不用日常英语中“应该做什么”的含义,这一点须特别注意。E.g.Should either of the parties to the contract be prevented from executing the contract by force majeure(such as earthquake,typhoon,flood,fire,war or other unforeseen events)and th

39、eir occurrence and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable,the prevented party shall notify the other party by telegram without delay,and within 15 days thereafter provide detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization ex

40、plaining the reason for its inability to execute or delay in the execution of all or part of the contract.,如果合同任何一方由于无法预防和无可避免的不可抗力(如地震、台风、洪水、火灾、战争或其它不可预见的事件)而不能履行合同,应当立即通过电报通知另一方,并且在此后15天内向另一方提供事故的详细信息及由相关公正机构出具的有效文件作为证据,解释不能履行或延迟履行部分或全部合同的原因。,SECTION 3,3)May 的用法“May”在商务合同中与义务无关,一般用来约定当事人的权利,权限,特权等

41、,表示“可以做什么”,也不同于其平常表示“可能”的含义。以may引导的当事人执行的事件时,表示此处当事人可视情况这样做,也可不给出任何理由不这样做。如:,SECTION 3,Should such negotiation fail,such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of

42、agreement reached after such dispute occurs.若争议发生后协商未果,合同中又无任何仲裁条款或双方不能达成协议,则此类争议可提交对其有管辖权的人民法院裁决。,管辖权,缺乏.时,在缺少的情况下,3)May 的用法“May”在商务合同中与义务无关,一般用来约定当事人的权利,权限,特权等,表示“可以做什么”,也不同于其平常表示“可能”的含义。以may引导的当事人执行的事件时,表示此处当事人可视情况这样做,也可不给出任何理由不这样做。如:,SECTION 3,4)May not/shall not,must not的用法“May not/shall not”在商

43、务合同中用于禁止性义务,表示“不得做什么”。Goods shall not be shipped without confirmation of the shipping sample of the Buyers.在未得到买方的发货样品确认前,卖方不得发运货物。Any content(s),detail(s)and/or clause(s)of this contract may not be revealed by the contracting parties.缔约双方不得对外泄露本合同的任何内容、细节和(或)条款。在法律英语中,shall not是对预见的、预期的或计划中的事件做出否定,

44、更多是侧重于如出现某种情况的话,那么何种行为是不被允许的,否则构成违约行为,而may not是对已有的各种情况作出解释,并给予宣布性的否定,两者都有“禁止”的内涵。“Must not”表示最严重的禁止性义务,但在法律篇章中较少用。,SECTION 3,3.专业术语的使用合同具有法律属性,合同语言大量使用商务术语、法律术语及其他具有法律语言特点的正式词语,要做好合同翻译,需要扩大自身对专业术语的认知。如商务经济类术语:Equity joint venture(合资经营企业)Letter of Intent(意向书)Licensee(被许可人)Sublicense(分许可证人)Royalty(提成

45、费)Liquidated damages(违约金)Letter of credit(信用证)Outstanding:(未付款的)Outstanding loans(未偿贷款),SECTION 3,法律术语:Arbitration award(仲裁裁决)Hereinafter referred to as(以下简称)IN WITNESSTH WHEREOF(作为协议事项的证据/兹证明)IN CONSIDERATION OF(考虑到)WHEREAS(鉴于)IN THE PRESENCE OF(见证人)NOW THEREFORE(特此、兹特)NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS(兹特

46、立约为据),用词专业,具有法律意味(professional or legal)合同自身也有大量具有法律特性的合同术语。比如,“权利和义务”(rights and obligations)、“仲裁”(arbitration)、“终止”(termination)、“不可抗力”(force majeure)、“管辖”(jurisdiction)等。这些专业或法律术语的语义相对固定单一,通常无法用其他词语代替,任何人在任何情况下都必须对它们作同一解释。所以在翻译的过程中,译者要对这些词语在一般文体中和法律文体中的意义进行区分。例如:,注意合同本身的术语,请再看以下几例:Contractor shal

47、l assure full responsibility for the entire project work until its acceptance.(初始译文:在项目接收之前,承包方应对工程承担全部责任。)Full set clean on board marine Bill of Lading issued to the order of the shipper and blank endorsed.(初始译文:承运人签发的全套整洁、已装船的海运提单,空白背书。)在以上三句中,acceptance、clean、to the order of的翻译均未能完全真实表示合同意思,这些词的中

48、文完整意思分别是“验收”、“清洁”、“以为抬头”。由以上各例可见,由于对商务合同中专业词汇的错误理解和翻译,从而传达了一种错误信息从而可能引发法律纠纷。,SECTION 3,4.同义并列(Juxtaposition)商务合同用词上一个独特之处是同义并列结构的使用,即由两个同义或意义相关的词构成的并列结构。虽说英文忌讳重复,但在商务合同中有些同义词经常并列使用,以下是一些常见的例子:null and void(无效)any and all(任何)cease and desist(停止)full and complete(完全)save and except(除外)force and effect

49、(有效)perform and discharge(执行),Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,SECTION 3,represent and warrant(保证)true and correct(真实无误)undertake and agree(承诺)unless and until(除非)production and business(生产和经营)each and every(每一)scope and scale(范围和规模)E.g.The Assignee hereby assumes and agrees(同意)to fully and compl

50、etely(完全)perform and discharge(承担)all the assignors liabilities and obligations under the Agreement.受让方同意完全承担转让方在该协议下的所有义务和责任。,Sec 5,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,返回,Sec 6,返回,SECTION 3,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec 8,Sec 7,返回,If the contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms,provisions,conditions,and

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