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1、定语从句和状语从句,定语从句,一、关系代词引导的定语从句二、关系副词引导的定语从句三、as在定语从句中的用法四、but在定语从句中的用法五、what 用法要点六、than用法要点七、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,引导定语从句的关联词:1.关系代词:that,which,whose,who,whom,as;2.关系副词:when,where,why关系代词定语中做主语,宾语和定语,关系副词在句中做状语.定语从句多放在先行词之后.,一、关系代词引导的定语从句,1.关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词和代词,He is a man who/that means what he says.(说话算
2、数的人)The young man with whom I travelled could speak English.Is there anyone in your department whose father is a painter?,2.使用要点,关系代词的省略1).作直接宾语时可以省略The man(whom)you saw just now is our manager.Is there anything(that)I can do for you?,2).在“there+be”结构的从句中做主语的关系代词可以省略This is the only bus(that)there i
3、s to the park.The old professor made full use of the time(that)there was left to him to continue his research in the field of electronics.,2.如果关系代词紧跟在介词之后,不能用who或that,只能用which 或whom.This is the question about which they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks.The people with whom he worked
4、 thought he was a bit strange.,3.如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that.The book doesnt say much that amuses children.Thats all(that)I could do at that time.,4.如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,no,some,very等词修饰,引导限制性定语从句的关系代词为that.He is the only person
5、 that was present at the time.No sample that we have received is satisfactory.,5.在非限制性定语从句中,不能用that,做宾语用的代词不能省略.The Heavenly Lake,which is one of the world famous scenic spots,is on Tianshan Mountain.There are 30 students in the class,the majority of whom are from the city.,6.which可以引导修饰整个主句的定语从句.Ne
6、w Concept English is intended for foreign students,which is known to all of us.She was awarded a gold medal,which the whole family considered a great honor.She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.,7.用做表语的关系代词He is no longer the simple-minded person that he was five yea
7、rs ago.(限制,人或物)The modern car is no longer the car which it was in 1930s.(限制/非限制,人或物)He will become the man which his father wants him to be.,8.先行词是集体名词用who还是which.The basketball team,which is playing very well,will come out first.The basketball team,who are having a rest,will begin another match in
8、 20 minutes.,9.如果用两个或两个以上先行词,兼指人或物,用that.The famous writer and his works that the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.He was watching the children and the parcels that filled the car.,二、关系副词引导的定语从句,关系副词引导定语句,在从句中分别表示时间，地点和原因,He will always remember the day when/on which hi
9、s father returned from America.This is the time when/at which she left for Beijing.I dont know the reason why/for which he didnt come to the meeting yesterday morning.The bookstore where/in which his sister works is the largest one in Nanjing.How 不能引导定语从句This is the way how he behaves.()This is how
10、he behaves./This is the way he behaves.,三、as在定语从句中的用法,1.引导限制性定语从句,代替先行词是人或物的名词.Suchas,the same as;Such people as were recommended by him were reliable.(主语)Such books as I have read are classical works.(宾语)I have never seen such a talented man as he is.(表语),2.引导非限制性定语从句as作为关系代词代替整个主句,可以位于主句的前面,中间或后面,
11、用逗号隔开.As(不用which)might be expected,John was admitted to the university.More American troops are being sent to the Middle East,as(可用which)I have learned form the newspaper.The material is elastic,as(不用which)shown in the figure.,用which或 as来引导定语从句时,先行词可以指代整个句子.Which在句中可充当主语,宾语等，as 在句中一般充当主语.Which 与as 引
12、导从句的区别在于:Which 只能置于句中或句末,而as 的位置比较灵活,可位于句中,句末,又可位于句首.,四、But在定语从句中的用法,But 作为关系代词引导定语从句,同具有否定意义的主句连用,先行词可以是人或物,相当于“that not”,“who not”,“which not”,用于限制性定语从句.There was not a single student in my class but(who didnt)learned a lot from him.Not a day went by but(which didnt)brought us good news.,五、what 用法
13、要点,1.用作关系代词1).用于“what+is/was+形容词比较级”结构中,做插入语,指上文或下文He attended the contest,and what is more surprising,won a gold medal.She was born in a rich family;what was better still,some of her relatives were famous scholars.,2).What=the thing(s)which或 the person(s)thatThat is exactly what he told me.Never pr
14、etend to be what you are not.,2.Know whats what(内行)so what(那又怎么样),what if(如果怎么办),whats what(真相),know what ones about(有头脑)3.What is called/what we call/what you call(所谓的)It is what you call a“new fashion”.He is what is called a“child prodigy”(神童),4.What for 和 for whatWhat did you leave the school for
15、?(why)For what will he go abroad?(why),六、than用法要点,than 兼有连词和代词的性质The boy has eaten more food than(what)is good for his health.Never give him more money than(what)is necessary.There are more demands than(what)can be satisfied.,七、限制性和非限制性定语从句,两者的差异I dont like people who lose their temper easily.He len
16、t me a thousand dollars,which was exactly the amount I needed.He has two sisters who are working in the city.(他有两个妹妹在这个城市工作)He has two sisters,who are working in the city.(他有两个妹妹,都在这个城市工作),2.用关系副词还是关系代词1).弄清楚代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,是主语,宾语,定语还是状语;2).辨别先行词表示的是人,物,时间,地点还是原因;3).判断从句是限制性还是非限制性的从句;This is the
17、place where the traffic accident occurred.This is the place which the foreign guests are going to visit.The reason which she gave is unbelievable.The reason why he refused her is not known.,3.定语从句同先行词隔裂He wont live long who smokes 3 or 4 packs of cigarettes every day for many years.A new teacher wil
18、l come tomorrow who will teach you English.He can conquer the world who can conquer himself.,状语从句,1.时间状语 2.地点状语3.条件状语 4.原因状语5.让步状语 6.比较状语7.方式状语 8.目的状语9.结果状语,引导状语从句的连词分类表,一、时间状语从句,1.when,while,as,wheneverWhen:表示某个具体的时间,所引导的从句的动作先于或与主句动作同时发生。可指一段时间，也可指一点时间；即可表示一时性动作，也可表示持续性动作。Whenever:任何一个具体的时间As:表示的动
19、作与主句动作同时发生，具有延续意义，一般同延续性动词连用While:只表示持续性动作或状态，不能表示一时性或短暂性的动作,He entered the room when/while/as the meeting was going on.(一段时间)When she comes,I shall tell her to wait for you.(一点时间)While/as Jim was reading,Jack was writing.(一段时间)As/when he finished the speech,the audience burst into applause.(一点时间),2
20、.Before/afterThey had got everything ready before I arrived.After he had worked in the factory for ten years,he went abroad.,3.No soonerthan;hardlywhen;scarcely before 一就;刚刚就 主从句动作随即相继发生He had hardly gone to bed when the door bell rang.No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards
21、 her.,4.As soon as,the moment,directly,immediately,once,the instant 一就Every time he walked by the lake,he thought of his childhood life.I shall come as soon as I have finished supper.They told me the news immediately they got the message.She went to see him directly she got the letter.(连词),5.till/un
22、tilShe stood there till/until he had passed out of sight.(主句动作持续)He didnt enter the room until/before I returned.Until(不用till)they had finished the work,they didnt go home.It is not until they had finished the work that they went home.,He ate until it was dark.(他吃饭一直吃到天黑)He didnt eat until it was da
23、rk.(他直到天黑才吃饭),6.Since 引导的从句一般要用非延续性动词,主句用完成时态He has worked in this city since he graduated from the college.Since 从句中用延续性动词或状态动词的过去式,所表示是动作或状态的完成或结束.,Since he lived in Nanjing,I havent heard from him.Since he was in Beijing,she has kept correspondence with his former friends.since做介词,后只跟时间点,不跟时间段.He
24、 has been writing the book since five years ago.,二、地点状语,由Where，wherever，everywhere引导You should put the book where it was.Wherever you go,you should do your work well.Where there is a will,there is a way.We want to stay at home,where children would rather spend the holiday in the country.Go where you
25、 should,keep on studying.,三、条件状语从句,主句前或后1.If和unlessIf 表示正面条件;unless表示反面条件(if not)If he doesnt come before 12 oclock,we wont wait for him.I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.,2.providing/provided that,as/so long as,suppose/supposing that,on condition that,in caseSo long as you keep on trying,you will
26、 surely succeed.In case John comes,please tell him to wait.,3.Only if,if only Only if 引导从句用陈述语气,意为“只要”,而if only引导的从句用虚拟语气,意为“但愿;要是就好了”Only if we persist in carrying out the open-door policy,we will achieve greater success in every field.If only he knew our telephone number!,4.条件概念的其他表示法Born in bette
27、r times,he would have done credit to the country.To look at him,one would think he is only in his thirties.Give him an inch and he will take a mile.Sow nothing,reap nothing.But for air and water,nothing could live.Once bitten,twice shy.(一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳)Where the money is,there is the power.(有钱就有势),四、原因状
28、语从句,1.because,since,as 和for because表示原因最强也最直接,回答why引导的疑问句,一般位于主句后,有时也可位于其后,表明理由.for 不能引导直接原因,只提供有助于说明情况的补充说明,不可位于句首.since表示附带的原因,或者已知的、显然的理由,意为“既然”，引导的从句常位于句首。as 所表示的理由最弱，对主句附带说明，引导的从句常放在句首。,He was punished because he did not obey the regulations.Since you say so,I suppose it is true.As I am about t
29、o start a journey,I shall not be able to begin the work before I return.He went to bed early,because he was tired.He must be tired,for he went to bed early.It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam.(强调句只能用because),2.Seeing(that),now(that),considering(that),in that 与since,as意思接近,“既
30、然，鉴于某个事实,原因是”Now that you are old enough to judge things,you should start your own career.Seeing that she was seriously ill,they sent for the doctor.A gas differs from a solid in that it has no definite shape.,3.She didnt marry you because you had money.-She married you not because you had money but
31、 because she loved you.The machine did not stop because the fuel was used up.on the ground that,for the reason that,owing to,on account of,due to,thanks to,because of;,Not that but that(不是因为,而是因为)Not that I dont like the film,but that I have no time for it.,五、让步状语从句,1.even though,even if,though,alth
32、ough,ifEven though you dont like wine,just try a glass of this.(强调)even if he is poor,he is very honest.(他虽穷，但很正直).,2.while/whereas(突出主从句之间的差异)He is experienced while/whereas he is young.3.whetheror(not)Whether it rains or not,I shall go out for an outing tomorrow.Whether she comes here or we go the
33、re,the topic of discussion will remain unchanged.,4.whatever,whenever,whichever,wherever,however,whoever5.for all(that)=in spite of the fact that(不管,尽管)For all(that)you say,he will not change his plan.For all your explanation,I understand no better than before.,6.admitting that,assuming that 即使Admit
34、ting that it is so,you are still in the wrong.Assuming that she is clever,she cannot succeed without working hard.,7.让步状语从句的倒装Patient though he as,he was unwilling to wait 3 hours.Hard as she tried,she failed to pass the exam.Child as he was,he had a god command of English.,六、方式状语从句,1.as,just as(强调)
35、“如,正如)They watched her closely as a cat watches a rat.Just as water is the most important of liquids,air is the most important of gases.2.As if,as though,(用虚拟语气),七、比较状语从句,asas,the same as,thanShe dances as gracefully as her sister.Your watch is not the same as mine.Bill is taller than Bob(is).Jack w
36、orks as hard as Tom does.I know you better than him.I know you better than he(knows you).,八、目的状语从句,1.so that,in order thatStudy hard so that you can/may pass the entrance exam.The teacher underlined the words so that/in order that the students could/might pay special attention to.2.lest,for fear tha
37、t,in case 以防,以免 用法见虚拟语气,九、结果状语从句,1.so that,suchthat.so+adj./adv+that so+adj.+a/an+单数名词+that so+adj.+复数名词/不可数名词+that such+a/an+adj.+单数名词+that,The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.It was such a hot day that even crops withered.It was so hot a day that even crops withered.2.So that
38、引导目的和结果状语从句She left early,so that she caught the train.(结果）She left early so that she could/might catch the train.(目的),十、the way+句子的用法,1.the way=how(adv.)I should like to know the way(in which)you learned to master a language within so short a time.Thats the way she did it.(thats how she did it.),2.
39、the way=as(conj.)表方式She doesnt speak the way he does.I shall do the work the way my father did.3.the way=if 从句,表条件(conj.)The way you are studying now,you wont make such progress.(如果这样下去)4.The way=the manner(n.)表方式I dont like the way she walks.=I dont like the manner of her walking.,Where引导的地点状语和定语从句的区别:Where引导地点状语从句时前面没有表示地点的名词,而是动词,不能转化为介词+which 结构.You may stay where you are(地点状语从句,前面无先行词).This is the university where he works.(定语从句,where=in which)Where there is a will,there is a way.(地点状语从句,前面无先行词).,
