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1、形合/意合与翻译（二）,Enlightenment in translation 汉译英的过程就是从形合走向意合的过程；从流散型走向聚集型的过程；从语义型走向语法型的过程；从话题句，流水句，连动句 走向主谓句的过程。,连动句(verbal expressions in series)是指同一主语下几个动词连用成谓语,它是一种复杂谓语,其复杂性体现在这些动词的关系中.连用的动词之间,有并列关系,也有其他关系(包括条件,方式,承接,因果,假设,目的等).,流水句，就是一个主题加上多个连续的评论句式。汉族艺术重心理流动。请联想戏剧舞台上连串动作的流动：“抽栓”，开门，跨门槛。中国章回体小说情节主线也
2、是一贯连底的顺时流动。中国画的构图不着重焦点。汉族音乐自古以来不讲和声的对位（那是空间的对位），却特别讲究旋律的流畅。这样按时间流动的审美定势对待句子，便形成了大量的按事理顺序铺排的流水句。,他已经请了假坐火车回四川老家探亲.听人家背地里议论,孔乙己原来也读过书,但终于没有进学,又不会营生;于是愈过愈穷,弄到要讨饭了.跑了一程，遍身是汗，走得慢一些，他咕噜起来：“才跑上几步就累了。”新媳妇哭了一天一夜，头也不梳，脸也不洗，饭也不吃，躺在炕上，谁也叫不起来，父子两个没了办法。（赵树理小二黑结婚）,在汉语中，主语的承接力很显著。汉语主语可以在出现一次以后，连续承接数句，中间还可能出现带句号的句子和
3、其它主语。英语的主语没有这样超越基本句又不用并列连接成分的承续功能。英语主语必须是一句管一句，交待清楚，除非有并列连词加以并联，这时也必须有形式标定，像汉语主语这样不必交待或若隐若现是不可能的。,汉语主语这种在语段中若隐若现，留连承续的功能是使汉语语段产生流散，疏放效果的很重要的因素。汉语一般倾向于比较短的句子，同时，短小的句子又更进一步增强了语段的流散效果；而英语则根本不必顾虑，长达两，三行甚至一小段的句子比比皆是。,话题句 银行储蓄所只在大部分人上班时开门,广大群众太不方便了.上海行路难,乘车难曾是一个突出的社会问题.,辐射状的话题句“咱们这些户，二亩也不出负担，三亩还不出负担，人家把三百
4、亩丈成一百亩，轮到你名下，三亩也得出，二亩也得出！”我这时突然感到一种异样的感觉,觉得他满身灰尘的身影,刹时高大了,而且愈走愈大,须仰视才见.,网收状的话题句：“嘴甜心苦，两面三刀，上头笑着，脚底下使绊子，明是一把火，暗是一把刀，他都占全了！北京的冬季，地上还是积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫杈于晴朗的天空中，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。他爸爸死了，死于车祸；妈妈又改了嫁，顾不了他，真可怜。那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子。屋子里总是散乱着碗碟，弥漫着煤烟，使人不能安心做事。,合译 他已经请了假坐火车回四川老家探亲.He has already asked fo
5、r leave to go home by train to see his parents in Sichuan.,听人家背地里议论,孔乙己原来也读过书,但终于没有进学,又不会营生;于是愈过愈穷,弄到要讨饭了.From the gossip that I heard,it seemed that Kong Yiji had studied the classics but never passed the official examinations and,not knowing any way to make a living,he had grown steadily poorer un
6、til he was almost reduced to beggary.,跑了一程，遍身是汗，走得慢一些，他咕噜起来：“才跑上几步就累了。”After covering a good distance,he was perspiring and began to slow down.“So youre tired after a few steps,”he grunted.,新媳妇哭了一天一夜，头也不梳，脸也不洗，饭也不吃，躺在炕上，谁也叫不起来，父子两个没了办法。（赵树理小二黑结婚）The daughter in law was irritated so much that she cri
7、ed for a whole day and night,refusing to comb hair,wash her face,or take any food.She lay on the kang,and no one could persuade her to get up.,银行储蓄所只在大部分人上班时开门,广大群众太不方便了.The saving bank is open only when the great majority of people are at work,and this is very inconvenient for the broad masses of p
8、eople.上海行路难,乘车难曾是一个突出的社会问题.In Shanghai people found great trouble in getting to their destinations on foot or by car and it became a top social problem.,我这时突然感到一种异样的感觉,觉得他满身灰尘的身影,刹时高大了,而且愈走愈大,须仰视才见.Suddenly I had a strange feeling.His dusty,retreating figure seemed larger at that instant.Indeed,the
9、further he walked the larger he loomed,until I had to look up to him.,北京的冬季，地上还是积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫杈于晴朗的天空中，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。Often I feel deeply depressed to see the Peking winter scene when the thick snow banks up on the ground and the bare ashen tree branches thrust up against a cold blue sky,while i
10、n the distance one or two kites are floating casually.,那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子。Misfortunes never come singly.In the winter of more than two years ago,grandma died and father lost his job.屋子里总是散乱着碗碟，弥漫着煤烟，使人不能安心做事。The room was so cluttered up with dishes and bowls and filled with smoke that it
11、was impossible to work steadily there.,翻译的启示：1.在双语转换中，我们必须以语段为单位，一个语段一个语段地进行理解，分析，转换，而不是以单句或词组为单位，将语段分割，孤立地处理。2.由于汉语句子多意合，语段中各组成部分之间的关系常常处于隐含状态。因此，首先，就要析出各句子（词组）及句子（词组）之间隐含的逻辑关系，为的是下一步整合之需要，并反映在英语连接成分上。,3.汉语的语段以“形散而神聚”为特征，而英语具有比较严谨的形式组织要求。因此，显而易见，汉英翻译中必须研究如何加强原语语句的组织程度，化“流散”为“聚集”，也就是并句与断句的问题。4.英语具有S
12、V提携机制的特点。在整合的过程中，需进一步确定主句以及主语，才能统领全局/句。5.在整合过程中，善于使用英语的分词，不定式，形容词及形容词短语以及介词短语来连接句子成分。,语段：语段由句子和词组组成，即各种完整句及完整句的缩略式的千变万化的聚集方式，形成“板块流”。这些词组和句子之间的关系常常是隐性的。,汉语的语段是适合汉译英翻译的最基本单位。主要是因为：汉语讲求意合，重内在联系，不求形式上的连接，句子连接的自由度很大。词组可以相对独立地使用（句子的词组化），语流疏放，不求句子结构的齐整。以语段为单位能够为汉译英的句子整合提供更合理的基础。,减译 When it is dark in the
13、east,it is light in the west;when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。You feel such a sense of exhilaration that you wouldnt exchange it for all the power and glory of the world.你是那样的快乐，使你对世界上的任何权利和荣誉视若敝帚。,How could you,when you know that this might damage
14、the apparatus?既然你知道这样会损坏仪器，你怎么能这样做呢？你知道这样会损害仪器，你怎么能这样做呢？,汉译英形合过程中初学者容易出现的问题：1.缺乏向形合转变的意识及使用恰当形合手段的能力 英汉语的一个本质差异就是形合与意合的区别。大多数情况下，汉译英的过程实际上就是从意合向形合转变的过程，将汉语语段中的隐含语义关系通过语法手段与词汇手段表现出来，将句子各成分重新搭架，成为符合英语形合特点的句子。,人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。学生译文1：Human beings are interesting,when they first get in conta
15、ct with a person,they always see his or her merit.学生译文2：Human beings are interesting.When they first get in contact with a person,they always see his or her merit.Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance.,这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。学
16、生译文：This is like having dinner in a restaurant.When you begin to have the first dish or cold dish,the impression is good.When you begin to have the first two courses,you are also full of praise.You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes,but also profuse in praise of
17、the first two courses.,2.在形合的过程中，不能遵循简洁的原则，趋向于使用从句来代替单词或短语。简洁是语言的生命（Brevity is the soul of wit）。,年轻的妈妈，一高兴了，便会怂恿她的孩子把拿着要吃的烧山芋，分开一半，放在你这位客人的手上。学生译文：The young mother,if/when/as soon as she is happy,will encourage her baby to share his sweet potato with you.The baby will then divide it in two and put o
18、ne half into your hand.The delighted young mother will encourage her baby to share his sweet potato with you.The baby will then break it in two and thrust one half into your hand.,她忽然提出了这么个问题，使余敬唐吃了一惊。立刻看出这姑娘还是个刚离娘窝的“雏儿”。（杨沫 青春之歌）。学生译文1：She suddenly put forward such a question,which astonished Yu Ji
19、ngtang.He immediately realized the girl was a young bird just able to fly.,学生译文2：Yu Jingtang was astonished when she put forward such a question.He immediately realized the girl was a young bird just able to fly.改译：This abrupt question took Yu Jingtang by surprise and made him realize the girl was a
20、 young bird just able to fly.,他们大多是一些基层技术人员：他们有才有智，奉公守法，深信自己的所作所为是为国为民。Most of them are grass-root technical personnel.Capable,intelligent,dedicated and law-abiding,they believe that all that they do is for their people and their country.,人真是可笑的动物，一点极微末的小事情，便会受着很深的影响。Men are really laughable creatur
21、es,so easily upset by trifles.,散文选集是当代著名的散文作家杨朔的作品，其中收集了作家游历各地所见的人文风物，笔调清新，故事感人。Written by Yang Shuo,a well-known contemporary Chinese essayist,A Selection of Prose Pieces contains pleasant descriptions and enticing stories about people and places that the author came across on his travels.,后来她终于睡着了
22、，开始时是时醒时睡，似醒似睡，做的梦也十分怪诞不稽；后来才深深地酣睡了，直到黎明才睁开双眼。Eventually she had slept,fitfully and transiently at first with nightmares,but in the end deeply until dawn.,东壁画散花天女，内以垂髫者，拈花微笑，樱唇欲动，眼波将流。（聊斋志异画壁）On the east wall was a picture of heavenly nymphs scattering flowers.Among these beauties was a young girl w
23、earing maiden tresses.She holds a flower in hand and smiles.Her cherry lips seems about to move and her watery eyes seems overflowed with tenderness.,With a flower in hand,she was smiling sweetly while her cherry lips seemed about to move and her watery eyes seemed overflowed with tenderness.,3.过度形合
24、，不考虑原文文体风格等特点。,老关忙即跳下车去，摸摸腰间的勃郎宁，又向四下里瞥了一眼，就过去开了车门，站在门旁边。学生译文：After jumping out of the car quickly,Old Guan placed his hand on the Browning at his side and then glanced all round,after which he turned round to open the other door and stood beside it.改译：Old Guan quickly jumped out of the car.He place
25、d his hand on the Browning at his side and glanced all round.Then he went round to open the other door and stood beside it.,在默默里算着，八千多日子已经从我手中溜去；像针尖上一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在时间的流里，没有声音，也没有影子。我不禁头涔涔而泪潸潸了。,学生译文：I find that more than 8,000 days have already slipped away through my fingers.Like a drop of water fa
26、lling off a needle point into the ocean,my days are quietly dripping into the stream of time without leaving a trace，the thought of which made me sweat from my forehead and tears trickle down my cheeks.,改译：I find that more than 8,000days have already slipped away through my fingers.Like a drop of wa
27、ter falling off a needle point into the ocean,my days are quietly dripping into the stream of time without leaving a trace.At the thought of this,sweat oozes from my forehead and tears trickle down my cheeks.,过铁道时，他先将橘子散放在地上，自己慢慢爬下，再抱起橘子走。（朱自清 背影）学生译文：He put these on the platform before climbing slo
28、wly down to cross the lines,which he did after picking the fruit up.改译：In crossing the railway track,he first put the tangerines on the ground,climbed own slowly and then picked them up again.,妻子洗碗时失手打碎了一只碗，丈夫说一句：“怎么搞的，一只碗都拿不牢。”妻子不服气，顶一句：“一只碗值几毛钱，也值得你心疼半天，怎么不心疼我割破了手？”丈夫一听来了气 原译：Is the porcelain bowl so worthy that you show so much concern for that while you do not concern my cut finger?改译：“What worth is it to merit your regret?My fingers cut by the broken piece is no concern of yours!”,
