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1、管理学院 School of Management,佟瑞 Edward Tong，MPM，MBA,2023/10/17,1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,Chapter 3,Organization structure and culture,33,Where We Are Now,Once top management approves a project?How will the project be implemented,Both the project management structure and the cultu
2、re of the organization constitute major elements of the environment in which projects are implemented.It is important for project managers and participants to know the“lay of the land so that they can avoid obstacles and take advantage of pathways to complete their projects.,2023/10/17,Edward TongCo
3、pyright reserved Jinan University,4,What is a good project management system?,A project management system provides a framework for launching and implementing project activities within a parent organization.A good system appropriately balances the needs of both the parent organization and the project
4、 by defining the interface between the project and parent organization in terms of authority,allocation of resources and eventual integration of project outcomes into mainstream operations.,2023/10/17,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,5,36,Project Management Structures,Challenges to Org
5、anizing ProjectsThe uniqueness and short duration of projects relative to ongoing longer-term organizational activitiesThe multidisciplinary and cross-functional nature of projects creates authority and responsibility dilemmas.Choosing an Appropriate Project Management StructureThe best system balan
6、ces the needs of the project with the needs of the organization.,Struggles between project and ongoing operations,Many business organizations have struggled with creating a system for organizing projects while managing ongoing operations.Projects contradict fundamental design principles associated w
7、ith traditional organizations.Projects are unique,one time efforts with a distinct beginning and end.Most organization are designed to efficiently manage ongoing activities.,2023/10/17,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,7,38,Project Management Structures,Organizing Projects:Functional or
8、ganizationDifferent segments of the project are delegated to respective functional units.Coordination is maintained through normal management channels.Used when the interest of one functional area dominates the project or one functional area has a dominant interest in the projects success.,39,Functi
9、onal Organizations,FIGURE 3.1,310,Functional Organization of Projects,AdvantagesNo Structural ChangeFlexibility(in the use of staff)In-Depth ExpertiseEasy Post-Project Transition,DisadvantagesLack of FocusPoor IntegrationSlowLack of Ownership,311,Project Management Structures(contd),Organizing Proje
10、cts:Dedicated TeamsTeams operate as separate units under the leadership of a full-time project manager.In a projectized organization where projects are the dominant form of business,functional departments are responsible for providing support for its teams.,312,Dedicated Project Team,FIGURE 3.2,313,
11、Project Organization:Dedicated Team,AdvantagesSimpleFastCohesiveCross-Functional Integration,DisadvantagesExpensiveInternal StrifeLimited Technological ExpertiseDifficult Post-Project Transition,314,Projectized Organizational Structure,FIGURE 3.3,315,Project Management Structures(contd),Organizing P
12、rojects:Matrix StructureHybrid organizational structure(matrix)is overlaid on the normal functional structure.Two chains of command(functional and project)Project participants report simultaneously to both functional and project managers.Matrix structure optimizes the use of resources.Allows for par
13、ticipation on multiple projects while performing normal functional duties.Achieves a greater integration of expertise and project requirements.,316,Matrix Organization Structure,FIGURE 3.4,317,Division of Project Manager and Functional Manager Responsibilities in a Matrix Structure,TABLE 3.1,Project
14、 Manager Negotiated Issues Functional ManagerWhat has to be done?Who will do the task?How will it be done?When should the task be done?Where will the task be done?How much money is available Why will the task be done?How will the project involvementto do the task?impact normal functional activities?
15、How well has the total project Is the task satisfactorilyHow well has the functional been done?completed?input been integrated?,318,Different Matrix Forms,Weak FormThe authority of the functional manager predominates and the project manager has indirect authority.Balanced FormThe project manager set
16、s the overall plan and the functional manager determines how work to be done.Strong FormThe project manager has broader control and functional departments act as subcontractors to the project.,319,Project Organization:Matrix Form,AdvantagesEfficientStrong Project FocusEasier Post-Project TransitionF
17、lexible,DisadvantagesDysfunctional ConflictInfightingStressfulSlow,320,Choosing the Appropriate Project Management Structure,Organization(Form)ConsiderationsHow important is the project to the firms success?What percentage of core work involves projects?What level of resources(human and physical)are
18、 available?,321,Choosing the Appropriate Project Management Structure(contd),Project ConsiderationsSize of projectStrategic importanceNovelty and need for innovationNeed for integration(number of departments involved)Environmental complexity(number of external interfaces)Budget and time constraintsS
19、tability of resource requirements,How much autonomy does the project need?,The higher the levels of these seven factors,the more autonomy and authority the project manager and project team need to be successful.This translates into using either a dedicated project team or a project matrix structure.
20、,2023/10/17,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,22,2023/10/17,Edward Tong,Jinan University,23,Organizational Structure and the PM,PMBOK Figure 2-6,2023/10/17,Edward Tong,Jinan University,24,Organizational culture,Culture is the social glue that helps hold the organization together.The sha
21、red meaning provided by a strong culture ensures that everyone is pointed in the same direction.From an employees standpoint,culture is valuable because it reduces ambiguity.。,2023/10/17,Edward Tong,Jinan University,25,Personal values and habits Compatibility with Organizational culture,The explicit
22、 goal of the recruitment process is to identify and hire individuals with the requisite skill,knowledge,and experience to perform jobs within an organization.Part of performing work within an organization is the ability to work with others and fit into the culture of the organization.Companies are p
23、aying increased attention to assessing the personal values and habits of applicants to determine whether they are compatible with the culture of the organization.,326,Mechanisms for Sustaining Organizational Culture,FIGURE A3.1,2023/10/17,Edward Tong,Jinan University,27,Microsofts culture values&rel
24、ationship between organizational culture and project management.,Aggressiveness and risk takingThe relationship between Organizational culture and project management is that of a riverboat trip.Culture is the river and the project is the boat.Paddling downstream if culture is conducive to projectPad
25、dling upstream if the dominant culture inhibit effective project management,328,Organizational Culture,Organizational Culture DefinedA system of shared norms,beliefs,values,and assumptions which bind people together,thereby creating shared meanings.The“personality”of the organization that sets it ap
26、art from other organizations.Provides a sense of identify to its members.Helps legitimize the management system of the organization.Clarifies and reinforces standards of behavior.,329,Cultural Dimensions of an Organization Supportive of Project Management,FIGURE 3.7,330,Identifying Cultural Characte
27、ristics,Study the physical characteristics of an organization.Read about the organization.Observe how people interact within the organization.Interpret stories and folklore surrounding the organization.,331,Organizational Culture Diagnosis Worksheet,FIGURE 3.6,Power Corp.I.Physical Characteristics:A
28、rchitecture,office layout,dcor,attireCorporate HQ is 20 Story modern buildingpresident on top floor.Offices are bigger in the top floors than lower floors.Formal business attire(white shirts,ties,power suits,.)Power appears to increase the higher up you are.II.Public Documents:Annual reports,interna
29、l newsletters,vision statementsAt the heart of the Power Corp.Way is our vision.to be the global energy company most admired for its people,partnership and performance.Integrity.We are honest with others and ourselves.We meet the highest ethical standards in all business dealings.We do what we say w
30、e will do.III.Behavior:Pace,language,meetings,issues discussed,decision-making style,communication patterns,ritualsHierarchical decision-making,pace brisk but orderly,meetings start on time and end on time,subordinates choose their words very carefully when talking to superiors,people rarely work pa
31、st 6:00 P.M.,president takes top performing unit on a boat cruise each year.IV.Folklore:Stories,anecdotes,heroines,heroes,villainsYoung project manager was fired after going over his bosss head to ask for additional funds.Stephanie C.considered a hero for taking complete responsibility for a technic
32、al error.Jack S.was labeled a traitor for joining chief competitor after working for Power Corp.for 15 years.,332,Implications of Organizational Culture for Organizing Projects,Challenges for Project Managers in Navigating Organizational CulturesInteracting with the culture and subcultures of the pa
33、rent organizationInteracting with the projects clients or customer organizationsInteracting with other organizations connected to the project,333,Key Terms,Balanced matrixDedicated project teamMatrixOrganizational cultureProjectitisProjectized organizationProject Office(PO)Strong matrixWeak matrix,3
34、34,Organization of Product Development Projects at ORION,FIGURE C3.1,335,Traditional Master Plan at ORION,FIGURE C3.2,336,Proposed Project Organization for the Jaguar Project,FIGURE C3.3,337,Jaguar Master Plan,FIGURE C3.4,338,Project Management Structures(contd),Organizing Projects:Network Organizat
35、ionsAn alliance of several organizations for the purpose of creating products or services.A“hub”or“core”firm with strong core competencies outsources key activities to a collaborative cluster of satellite organizations.,339,Project Organization:Network Form,AdvantagesCost ReductionHigh Level of Expe
36、rtiseFlexible,DisadvantagesCoordination of BreakdownsLoss of ControlConflict,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,40,1,Organizational culture is best explained as organizational aA.PersonalityB.HierarchyC.Reporting relationshipsD.BackgroundE.Management style,2023/10/17,Edward To
37、ng2008 copy reserved Jinan University,41,2,A good project management system provides for defining the interface between the project team and the organization in all the following areas exceptcA.AuthorityB.Allocation of resourcesC.Development of project team membersD.Integration of the project into t
38、he organizationE.All of these are provided,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,42,3,Organizations have difficulty in creating a system for managing projects becausedA.Contrary to typical operations,projects are one-time effortsB.Projects are multidisciplinary while organization
39、s are usually departmentalized by disciplineC.Projects are not focused on profitsD.Both a and b are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,43,4,The structure that manages projects within the existing organizational structure is _ organization.aA.
40、FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Project,5,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,44,Bill is working on a project involving the upgrading of a management information system.The project is being managed by the information systems department with coordination
41、 with other departments occurring through normal channels.He is working in a _ organization.aA.FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Project,6,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,45,Which of the following is an advantage of a functional project management org
42、anization?aA.Maximum flexibility in the use of staffB.Good integration across functional unitsC.Shorter project durationD.Strong motivation of project team membersE.All of these are advantages,7,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,46,Which of the following is a disadvantage of
43、functional project management organization?eA.Lack of motivation of project team membersB.Longer project durationC.Lack of focus on the projectD.Both b and c are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,8,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,47,Kim is reviewing a proposed project.The
44、scope of the project is narrow with a lot of in-depth expertise required and it will take a short period of time to complete.The best choice for organizing the project is _ organization.aA.FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Project,9,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jin
45、an University,48,A project team that operates with a full-time project manager as a separate unit from the rest of the organization is structured as a _ organization.eA.FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Projectized,10,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,4
46、9,Which of the following combinations represents the extremes of project organization?bA.Strong matrix and balanced matrix organizationsB.Functional and dedicated project teamsC.Project and balanced matrix organizationsD.Project and strong matrix organizationsE.Strong matrix and functional organizat
47、ions,11,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,50,MegaComputers,Inc.has assigned a project manager for each of the five new-product teams.The managers as well as the project team members work on the projects on a full-time basis.The structure being used is _ organization.eA.Functi
48、onalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Project,12,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,51,Which of the following structures is referred to in popular literature as a projectized form of organizations?eA.Functional organizationB.Balanced matrix organizationC.Weak matr
49、ix organizationD.Strong matrix organizationE.Projectized organization,13,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,52,Elizabeth is considering how to structure a project team that will not directly disrupt ongoing operations.The project needs to be done quickly and a high level of mo
50、tivation will be needed in order to do that.For this situation,the _ organization would be the best choice.eA.FunctionalB.Balanced matrixC.Weak matrixD.Strong matrixE.Project,14,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,53,Projectitis is most likely to occur in the _ organization str
