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1、管理学院 School of Management,佟瑞 Edward Tong，MPM，MBA,2023/11/18,1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,83,Where We Are Now,84,The Resource Problem,Resources and PrioritiesProject network times are not a schedule until resources have been assigned.The implicit assumption is that resources will
2、be available in the required amounts when needed.Adding new projects requires making realistic judgments of resource availability and project durations.Cost estimates are not a budget until they have been time-phased.,85,Project Planning Process,FIGURE 8.1,86,The Resource Problem(contd),Resource Smo
3、othing(or Leveling)Involves attempting to even out varying demands on resources by using slack(delaying noncritical activities)to manage resource utilization when resources are adequate over the life of the project.Resource-Constrained SchedulingThe duration of a project may be increased by delaying
4、 the late start of some of its activities if resources are not adequate to meet peak demands.,87,Types of Project Constraints,Technical or Logic ConstraintsConstraints related to the networked sequence in which project activities must occur.Physical ConstraintsActivities that cannot occur in paralle
5、l or are affected by contractual or environmental conditions.Resource ConstraintsThe absence,shortage,or unique interrelationship and interaction characteristics of resources that require a particular sequencing of project activitiesKinds of Resource ConstraintsPeople,materials,equipment,88,Constrai
6、nt Examples,FIGURE 8.2,89,Classification of A Scheduling Problem,Classification of ProblemUsing a priority matrix will help determine if the project is time or resource constrained.Time-Constrained ProjectMust be completed by an imposed date.Time is fixed,resources are flexible:additional resources
7、are required to ensure project meets schedule.Resource-Constrained ProjectIs one in which the level of resources available cannot be exceeded.Resources are fixed,time is flexible:inadequate resources will delay the project.,810,Resource Allocation Methods,Limiting AssumptionsSplitting activities is
8、not allowedonce an activity is start,it is carried to completion.Level of resources used for an activity cannot be changed.Risk AssumptionsActivities with the most slack pose the least risk.Reduction of flexibility does not increase risk.The nature of an activity(easy,complex)doesnt increase risk.,8
9、11,Resource Allocation Methods(contd),Time-Constrained ProjectsMust be completed by an imposed date.Require use of leveling techniques that focus on balancing or smoothing resource demands.Use positive slack(delaying noncritical activities)to manage resource utilization over the duration of the proj
10、ect.Peak resource demands are reduced.Resources over the life of the project are reduced.Fluctuation in resource demand is minimized.,812,Botanical Garden,FIGURE 8.3,813,Resource Allocation Methods(contd),Resource Demand Leveling Techniques for Time-Constrained ProjectsAdvantagesPeak resource demand
11、s are reduced.Resources over the life of the project are reduced.Fluctuation in resource demand is minimized.DisadvantagesLoss of flexibility that occurs from reducing slack.Increases in the criticality of all activities.,814,Resource Allocation Methods(contd),Resource-Constrained ProjectsResources
12、are limited in quantity or availability.Activities are scheduled using heuristics(rules-of-thumb)that focus on:Minimum slackSmallest(least)durationLowest activity identification numberThe parallel method is used to apply heuristicsAn iterative process starting at the first time period of the project
13、 and scheduling period-by-period the start of any activities using the three priority rules.,815,Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 23,FIGURE 8.4,816,Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 23,FIGURE 8.4(contd),817,Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 23,FIGURE 8.4(contd),818,
14、Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 56,FIGURE 8.5,819,Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 56,FIGURE 8.5(contd),820,Resource-Constrained Schedule through Period 56,FIGURE 8.5(contd),821,Computer Demonstration of Resource-Constrained Scheduling,EMR ProjectThe development of a handhel
15、d electronic medical reference guide to be used by emergency medical technicians and paramedics.ProblemThere are only eight design engineers who can be assigned to the project due to a shortage of design engineers and commitments to other projects.,822,EMR Project:Network View Schedule before Resour
16、ces Leveled,FIGURE 8.6,823,EMR Project before Resources Added,FIGURE 8.7,824,EMR ProjectTime Constrained Resource Usage View,January 1523,FIGURE 8.8A,825,Resource Loading Chart for EMR Project,January 1523,FIGURE 8.8B,826,EMR Project Network View Schedule after Resources Leveled,FIGURE 8.9,827,EMR P
17、roject Resources Leveled,FIGURE 8.10,828,The Impacts of Resource-Constrained Scheduling,Reduces delay but reduces flexibility.Increases criticality of events.Increases scheduling complexity.May make the traditional critical path no longer meaningful.Can break sequence of events.May cause parallel ac
18、tivities to become sequential and critical activities with slack to become noncritical.,829,Splitting,SplittingA scheduling technique use to get a better project schedule and/or increase resource utilization.Involves interrupting work on an activity to employ the resource on another activity,then re
19、turning the resource to finish the interrupted work.Is feasible when startup and shutdown costs are low.Is considered the major reason why projects fail to meet schedule.,830,Splitting Activities,FIGURE 8.11,831,Benefits of Scheduling Resources,Leaves time for consideration of reasonable alternative
20、s:Cost-time tradeoffsChanges in prioritiesProvides information for time-phased work package budgets to assess:Impact of unforeseen eventsAmount of flexibility in available resources,832,Multiproject Resource Schedules,Multiproject Scheduling ProblemsOverall project slippageDelay on one project creat
21、e delays for other projectsInefficient resource applicationThe peaks and valleys of resource demands create scheduling problems and delays for projects.Resource bottlenecksShortages of critical resources required for multiple projects cause delays and schedule extensions.,833,Multiproject Resource S
22、chedules(contd),Managing Multiproject Scheduling:Create project offices or departments to oversee the scheduling of resources across projects.Use a project priority queuing system:first come,first served for resources.Centralize project management:treat all projects as a part of a“megaproject.”Outso
23、urce projects to reduce the number of projects handled internally.,834,Direct Labor Budget Rollup($000),FIGURE 8.12,835,Time-Phased Work Package Budget(Labor Cost Only),FIGURE 8.13,836,Two Time-Phased Work Packages(Labor Cost Only),FIGURE 8.14,837,Patient Entry Project Network,FIGURE 8.15,838,Patien
24、t Entry Time-Phased Work Packages Assigned,FIGURE 8.16,839,CEBOO Project Monthly Cash Flow Statement,FIGURE 8.17,840,CEBOO Project Weekly Resource Usage Schedule,FIGURE 8.18,841,Key Terms,HeuristicPlanned value(PV)Resource-constrained projectsSmoothingSplittingTime-constrained projectsTime-phased bu
25、dget baseline,1,Delaying noncritical activities to lower peak demand on resources is known as resourceA.ShiftingB.EffectivenessC.ManipulatingD.Resource smoothingE.Allocation,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,42,2.,If resources are not adequate to meet peak demands,the resulti
26、ng reschedule is termedA.Resource-constrained schedulingB.Time-constrained schedulingC.Mandatory levelingD.Project resource adjustmentE.Allocation,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,43,3.,Which of the following is a potential consequence of failing to schedule limited resource
27、s?A.Costly activity delaysB.Costly project delaysC.Difficulty in taking quick corrective actionD.Both A and B are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,44,4.,When developing a new software package,the software must be designed,the code must be w
28、ritten,and the code must be tested.This is an example of a _ constraint.A.PhysicalB.TechnicalC.ResourceD.ScheduleE.Time,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,45,5,Which of the following is not one of the types of project constraints?A.PhysicalB.TechnicalC.ResourceD.TimeE.All of t
29、hese are types of project constraints,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,46,6.,Sam the project engineer has been scheduled to run the product system test at the same time he is to build a marketing prototype.This is an example of a _ constraint.A.PhysicalB.TechnicalC.ResourceD
30、.SchedulingE.Time,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,47,7.,Susan is to conduct environmental testing but the chamber cannot hold all the equipment that she wants to test.This is an example of a _ constraint.A.PhysicalB.TechnicalC.ResourceD.SchedulingE.Time,2023/11/18,Edward To
31、ngCopyright reserved Jinan University,48,8.,All of the following are kinds of resource constraints exceptA.MaterialsB.PeopleC.EquipmentD.InformationE.All of the above are resource constraints,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,49,9.,Sam is trying to order the concrete needed t
32、o continue his project.However,the supplier wont be able to deliver it until next week.This is an example of a _ constraint.A.Working capitalB.PeopleC.EquipmentD.InformationE.Materials,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,50,10,A special truck that George needs on his project ha
33、s been scheduled on another project.This is a _ constraint.A.Working capitalB.PeopleC.EquipmentD.InformationE.Materials,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,51,11,Most of the scheduling methods available today require the project manager to classify the project as either _ const
34、rained or _ constrained.A.Time,qualityB.Quality,resourceC.Cost,timeD.Quality,costE.Time,resource,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,52,12,Reginas boss has told her that her project is very important.If the critical path is delayed,she will be given whatever she needs to get it
35、 back on schedule.Her project is _ constrained.A.TimeB.QualityC.CostD.PerformanceE.Resource,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,53,13.,In reviewing the status of her project with top management,Shirley was told that there only were two programmers that she could use for her pro
36、ject.Her project is _ constrained.A.TimeB.QualityC.CostD.PerformanceE.Resource,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,54,14,All resource leveling techniques involveA.Delaying noncritical activitiesB.Delaying critical activitiesC.Using negative slackD.Both A and C are correctE.A,B,
37、and C are all correct,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,55,15.,Scheduling time-constrained projects focuses on resourceA.DemandsB.IncreasesC.AssumptionsD.UtilizationE.All are correct,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,56,16.,The most widely used approac
38、h to apply heuristics,which have been found to consistently minimize project delay over a large variety of projects is theA.Parallel methodB.Resource methodC.MaterialsD.Both A and C are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,57,17,Resource leveli
39、ng can provideA.Lower peak demandB.Reduced resource need over the life of the projectC.Reduced fluctuations in resource demandD.Both A and B are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,58,18,Jan is trying to reallocate resources in a time-constrai
40、ned project to create smoother resource utilization with a low level of risk.She should move to activities with theA.Smallest durationB.Least slackC.Most slackD.Lowest identification numberE.Highest cost,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,59,19,In a resource-constrained projec
41、t,which of the following is most likely to be changed?A.The completion dateB.The budgetC.Project qualityD.Both A and B are equally likelyE.A,B,and C are all equally likely,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,60,20.,In a resource-constrained project,the first priority in assigni
42、ng resources is usually given to activities with theA.Smallest durationB.Least slackC.Most slackD.Lowest identification numberE.Highest cost,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,61,21,In a resource-constrained project the second priority in assigning resources is usually given t
43、o activities with theA.Smallest durationB.Least slackC.Most slackD.Lowest identification numberE.Highest cost,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,62,22.,The word Heuristics meansA.Resource constraintsB.FlexibilityC.The critical path changedD.Parallel activities become sequentia
44、lE.Rule of thumb,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,63,23.,Splitting an activity creates the following situation:A.More people working on the same activityB.There are possible startup and shutdown costsC.A resource may be moved from one activity to another and then backD.Both
45、B and C are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,64,24.,The U.S.Forest Service snapshot from practice illustrated the importance ofA.Time constraintsB.Resource constraintsC.Cost constraintsD.Both B and C are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,2
46、023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,65,25.,More common problems associated with managing multiproject resources include all of the following exceptA.Inefficient resource utilizationB.Delays in one project cause delays in other projectsC.Reducing downtime created by lack of tasks
47、 to performD.Resource bottlenecksE.All of these are common problems,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,66,26,When a company will reduce the number of projects they have to manage internally to only core projects and send noncritical projects to contractors and consulting firms
48、 this is calledA.OutsourcingB.Redistribution of projectsC.Project allocationD.Task sharingE.Both B and D are correct,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,67,27,Which of the following is not one of the more common problems associated with scheduling multiproject resources?A.Overa
49、ll schedule slippageB.Inefficient resource utilizationC.Resource bottlenecksD.Both A and C are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,68,28.,In a resource-constrained project the third priority in assigning resources is usually given to activitie
50、s with theA.Smallest durationB.Least slackC.Most slackD.Lowest identification numberE.Highest cost,2023/11/18,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,69,29.,In the Botanical Garden example,which of the following was used to solve the resource problem?A.Resource allocationB.Smoothing resource
