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1、管理学院 School of Management,佟瑞 Edward Tong，MPM，MBA,2023/10/17,1,Edward TongCopyright reserved Jinan University,62,Where We Are Now,64,Developing the Project Plan,The Project NetworkA flow chart that graphically depicts the sequence,interdependencies,and start and finish times of the project job plan o
2、f activities that is the critical path through the network.Provides the basis for scheduling labor and equipment.Enhances communication among project participants.Provides an estimate of the projects duration.Provides a basis for budgeting cash flow.Identifies activities that are critical.Highlights
3、 activities that are“critical”and can not be delayed.Help managers get and stay on plan.,65,WBS/Work Packages to Network,FIGURE 6.1,66,WBS/Work Package to Network(contd),FIGURE 6.1(contd),67,Constructing a Project Network,TerminologyActivity:an element of the project that requires time.Merge Activit
4、y:an activity that has two or more preceding activities on which it depends.Parallel(Concurrent)Activities:Activities that can occur independently and,if desired,not at the same time.,A,C,D,B,68,Constructing a Project Network(contd),TerminologyPath:a sequence of connected,dependent activities.Critic
5、al path:the longest path through the activity network that allows for the completion of all project-related activities;the shortest expected time in which the entire project can be completed.Delays on the critical path will delay completion of the entire project.,A,B,D,(Assumes that minimum of A+B m
6、inimum of C in length of times to complete activities.),C,69,Constructing a Project Network(contd),TerminologyEvent:a point in time when an activity is started or completed.It does not consume time.Burst Activity:an activity that has more than one activity immediately following it(more than one depe
7、ndency arrow flowing from it).Two ApproachesActivity-on-Node(AON)Uses a node to depict an activity.Activity-on-Arrow(AOA)Uses an arrow to depict an activity.,B,D,A,C,610,Basic Rules to Follow in Developing Project Networks,Networks typically flow from left to right.An activity cannot begin until all
8、 preceding connected activities are complete.Arrows indicate precedence and flow and can cross over each other.Each activity must have a unique identify number that is greater than any of its predecessor activities.Looping is not allowed.Conditional statements are not allowed.Use common start and st
9、op nodes.,611,Activity-on-Node Fundamentals,FIGURE 6.2,612,Activity-on-Node Fundamentals(contd),FIGURE 6.2(contd),613,Network Information,TABLE 6.1,614,Koll Business CenterPartial Network,FIGURE 6.3,615,Koll Business CenterComplete Network,FIGURE 6.4,616,Network Computation Process,Forward PassEarli
10、est TimesHow soon can the activity start?(early startES)How soon can the activity finish?(early finishEF)How soon can the project finish?(expected timeET)Backward PassLatest TimesHow late can the activity start?(late startLS)How late can the activity finish?(late finishLF)Which activities represent
11、the critical path?How long can activity be delayed?(slack or floatSL),617,Network Information,TABLE 6.2,618,Activity-on-Node Network,FIGURE 6.5,619,Activity-on-Node Network Forward Pass,FIGURE 6.6,620,Forward Pass Computation,Add activity times along each path in the network(ES+Duration=EF).Carry th
12、e early finish(EF)to the next activity where it becomes its early start(ES)unlessThe next succeeding activity is a merge activity,in which case the largest EF of all preceding activities is selected.,621,Activity-on-Node Network Backward Pass,FIGURE 6.7,622,Backward Pass Computation,Subtract activit
13、y times along each path in the network(LF-Duration=LS).Carry the late start(LS)to the next activity where it becomes its late finish(LF)unlessThe next succeeding activity is a burst activity,in which case the smallest LF of all preceding activities is selected.,623,Determining Free Slack(or Float),F
14、ree Slack(or Float)Is the amount of time an activity can be delayed after the start of a longer parallel activity or activities.Is how long an activity can exceed its early finish date without affecting early start dates of any successor(s).Allows flexibility in scheduling scarce resources.Sensitivi
15、tyThe likelihood the original critical path(s)will change once the project is initiated.The critical path is the network path(s)that has(have)the least slack in common.,624,Activity-on-Node Network with Slack,FIGURE 6.8,625,Free Slack Example,FIGURE 6.9,626,Practical Considerations,Network Logic Err
16、orsActivity NumberingUse of Computers to Develop NetworksCalendar DatesMultiple Starts and Multiple Projects,627,Illogical Loop,FIGURE 6.10,628,Air Control ProjectNetwork Diagram,FIGURE 6.11,629,Air Control ProjectGantt Chart,FIGURE 6.12,630,Extended Network Techniques to Come Close to Reality,Ladde
17、ringActivities are broken into segments so the following activity can begin sooner and not delay the work.LagsThe minimum amount of time a dependent activity must be delayed to begin or end.Lengthy activities are broken down to reduce the delay in the start of successor activities.Lags can be used t
18、o constrain finish-to-start,start-to-start,finish-to-finish,start-to-finish,or combination relationships.,631,Example of Laddering Using Finish-to-Start Relationship,FIGURE 6.13,632,Use of Lags,FIGURE 6.14,FIGURE 6.15,Finish-to-Start Relationship,Start-to-Start Relationship,633,Use of Lags Contd,FIG
19、URE 6.16,Use of Lags to Reduce Detail,634,New Product Development Process,FIGURE 6.17,635,Use of Lags(contd),FIGURE 6.18,FIGURE 6.19,FIGURE 6.20,Finish-to-Finish Relationship,Start-to-Finish Relationship,CombinationRelationship,636,Network Using Lags,FIGURE 6.21,637,Hammock Activities,Hammock Activi
20、tyAn activity that spans over a segment of a project.Duration of hammock activities is determined after the network plan is drawn.Hammock activities are used to aggregate sections of the project to facilitate getting the right amount of detail for specific sections of a project.,638,Hammock Activity
21、 Example,FIGURE 6.22,639,Key Terms,ActivityActivity-on-arrow(AOA)Activity-on-node(AON)Burst activityConcurrent engineeringCritical pathEarly and late times,Gantt chartHammock activityLag relationshipMerge activityNetwork sensitivityParallel activitySlack/floattotal and free,640,Activity-on-Arrow Net
22、work Building Blocks,FIGURE A6.1,641,Activity-on-Arrow Network Fundamentals,FIGURE A6.2,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,42,1,Information to develop a project network is collected from thebA.Organization breakdown structureB.Work breakdown structureC.BudgetD.Project proposal
23、E.Responsibility matrix,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,43,2,Which of the following represents an activity on an AON project network?cA.An arrowB.A lineC.A nodeD.Both A and B are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,44
24、,3,Arrows on an AON project network represent:dA.An activityB.Project flowC.DependencyD.Both B and C are correctE.Both A and B are correct,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,45,4,When translated into a project network,a work package will becomebA.A single activityB.One or more
25、 activitiesC.A milestoneD.A critical pathE.An arrow,5,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,46,Which of the following is provided by a project network but not by the work breakdown structure?eA.DependenciesB.SequencingC.InterrelationshipsD.Both A and B are correctE.A,B,and C are
26、all correct,6,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,47,On a project network,the activity times are derived from theA.Organization breakdown structure bB.Work packagesC.BudgetD.Project proposalE.Responsibility matrix,7,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,48,P
27、art of a project is to Develop Product Specifications.This is best classified as a(n)cA.EventB.PathC.ActivityD.NodeE.Milestone,8,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,49,An activity that has more than one dependency arrow flowing into it is termed a(n)dA.Parallel activityB.Critic
28、al pathC.Burst activityD.Merge activityE.Independent activity,9,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,50,The critical path in a project network is thebA.Shortest path through the networkB.Longest path through the networkC.Network path with the most difficult activitiesD.Network p
29、ath using the most resourcesE.Network path with the most merge activities,10,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,51,A/an _ activity has more than one dependency arrow flowing from it.cA.ParallelB.Critical pathC.BurstD.MergeE.Independent,11,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserv
30、ed Jinan University,52,An item on a project network is Design Software Completed.This is best described as a(n)aA.EventB.PathC.ActivityD.NodeE.Milestone,12,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,53,Activities which can take place at the same time are termedaA.Parallel activityB.Cr
31、itical pathC.Burst activityD.Merge activityE.Independent activity,13,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,54,A sequence of connected,dependent activities is termed a(n)dA.Critical pathB.Parallel pathC.Activity chainD.PathE.Dependent chain,14,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reser
32、ved Jinan University,55,An AON project network uses which of the following basic building blocks?dA.ArrowsB.BarsC.NodesD.Both A and C are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,15,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,56,Which of the following is not one of the basic rules to follow
33、when developing project networks?cA.An activity cannot begin until all preceding activities have been completedB.Each activity must have a unique identification numberC.Conditional statements are allowed but looping statements are not allowedD.An activity identification number must be larger that th
34、at of any preceding activitiesE.Networks flow from left to right,16,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,57,_ activities must be completed immediately before a particular activity.cA.MergeB.BurstC.PredecessorD.SuccessorE.Critical,17,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan
35、 University,58,_ activities are to be completed immediately following a particular activity.dA.MergeB.BurstC.PredecessorD.SuccessorE.Critical,18,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,59,The forward pass in project network calculations determines theeA.Earliest times activities ca
36、n beginB.Earliest times activities can be finishedC.Duration of the projectD.Both A and B are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,19,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,60,The backward pass in project network calculations determines thedA.Latest times activities can beginB.Earli
37、est times activities can be finishedC.Critical pathD.Both A and C are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,20,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,61,Which of the following correctly calculates the early finish for an activity?bA.LS+DURB.ES+DURC.LF+DURD.ES+SLE.LF+SL,21,2023/10/17,
38、Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,62,Which of the following correctly calculates the late start for an activity?cA.EF-DURB.ES-DURC.LF-DURD.ES-SLE.LF-SLACK,22,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,63,The amount of time an activity can be delayed and yet not delay the
39、project is termedaA.Total slackB.Free slackC.Critical floatD.Float padE.Slip pad,23,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,64,Which of the following will correctly calculate the total slack in an activity?eA.LS-ESB.LF-EFC.LS-LFD.LF-ESE.Both A and B are correct,24,2023/10/17,Edward
40、 Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,65,The laying pipe example in the text illustrates the concept ofaA.LadderingB.Hammock activitiesC.Critical pathD.Concurrent engineeringE.Forward pass,25,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,66,Using a special color copy machine for a tra
41、deshow publication illustrates the concept ofbA.LadderingB.Hammock activitiesC.Critical pathD.Concurrent engineeringE.Forward pass,26,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,67,If,for some reason,the project must be expedited to meet an earlier date,which of the following actions w
42、ould the project manager take first?cA.Check to see which activities cost the leastB.Check to see which activities have the longest durationC.Check to see which activities are on the critical pathD.Check to see which activities have the most slackE.Check to see which activities have the highest risk
43、,27,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,68,Typically an activity on a project network represents bA.A single work packageB.One or more tasks from a work packageC.Several work packagesD.A sub-deliverableE.A cost account,28,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan Universit
44、y,69,Project network logic errors include which of the following?dA.Activities with less than 1 day durationB.Sequences such as if test successful build prototype,if failure redesignC.A sequence such as B succeeds A,C succeeds B,A succeeds CD.Both B and C are network logic errorsE.A,B,and C are all
45、network logic errors,29,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,70,Which company utilized concurrent engineering to design a new line of cars and in the process completed its development six months ahead of schedule?bA.General MotorsB.ChryslerC.FordD.NissanE.Toyota,30,2023/10/17,Ed
46、ward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,71,The minimum amount of time a dependent activity must be delayed to begin or end is referred to as:cA.HammockB.LadderingC.LagD.CushionE.Buffer,31,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,72,The requirement for a freshly poured foundatio
47、n to cure before beginning construction is an example of which of the following type of lag?dA.Start to StartB.Start to FinishC.Finish to FinishD.Finish to StartE.Any of these could be correct,32,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,73,Concurrent engineering is a good example of
48、 good use ofaA.Start to Start lagsB.Start to Finish lagsC.Finish to Finish lagsD.Finish to Start lagsE.Any of these could be correct,33,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,74,If testing cannot be completed any earlier than four days after the prototype is built,which of the fol
49、lowing type of lag exists?cA.Start to StartB.Start to FinishC.Finish to FinishD.Finish to StartE.Any of these could be correct,34,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,75,Which of the following represents an activity on an AOA project network?aA.An arrowB.A lineC.A nodeD.Both A and B are correctE.A,B,and C are all correct,35,2023/10/17,Edward Tong2008 copy reserved Jinan University,76,Nodes on an AON project network represent:aA.An activityB.An eventC.ResponsibilityD.Both B and C are correctE.Both A and B are correct,
