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1、科技英语翻译的技巧,张乐福上海交通大学核科学与工程学院,翻译的标准：信、达、雅,理解理解语言现象（词汇的含义、惯用法、句法结构）；理解逻辑关系，通过逻辑关系决定其确切译法；理解原文所涉及的事物，弄清一些特有的事物、历史背景、典故或专门术语。表达把自己的理解用本民族语言重新表达出来。e.g.He wanted to send them more aid,more weapons and a few more men.忠实原文，可译为：“他想给他们更多的援助，更多的武器，更多一些人员”；达到语言流畅：他想给他们增加些援助，增添些武器，增派些人员。校核：对译文语言进一步推敲校核译文中人名、地名、日期
2、、数字有无错漏；校核译文中段、句或重要的词有无错漏；修改译文中的错译与不妥之处。,科技英语的特点与翻译基本方法,科技文章的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密大量使用名词化结构If you use firebricks around the walls of the boiler,the heat loss can be considerably reduced.广泛使用被动语句Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.Such a device is called a
3、capacitor,or a condenset,and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.It is measured in farads.非限定动词Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.A direct current is a current flowing always in the same directi
4、on.后置定语The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.,定语从句,定语从句,1.The atoms of all elements,which at one time were thought to be the fundamental particles of nature,consist of numbers of three more fundamental particles-protons,neutrons and electrons.翻译1:曾经被认为是自然界中基础粒子的原子是由多个更基础的粒子组成质子、中子和
5、电子。翻译2:所有元素的原子，(虽然)它们曾经被认为是自然界中基础的粒子，(却)是由若干个三种更基础的粒子组成质子、中子和电子。2.The atom consists of nucleus in which all the positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons are closely grouped together,and a number of negatively charged electrons moving in orbital paths around the nucleus.翻译1:原子包含一个原子核，其中带正电的质
6、子和不带电的中子紧密聚集在一起，一定数量带负电的电子沿着轨道绕核运动。翻译2:原子是由原子核和一定数量带负电的电子组成，其中原子核由所有的带正电的质子和不带电的中子聚集在一起组成，电子沿着轨道绕核运动。,3.Different isotopes of an element behave identically as far as their chemistry is concerned,which is not surprising as chemical bonds exist between electrons.仅考虑化学性质，一个元素的不同同位素都有相同的性质，这一点并不奇怪，因为化学键
7、仅存在于电子之间。4.Isotopes differ from one another physically in that the masses and other characteristics of their nuclei are different,which is to be expected as it is in the nuclei that the difference between two isotopes lies.同位素之间在物理特性上的区别在于其原子核的质量及其它一些原子核特性，这一点可以(容易地)被想到，因为两个同位素之间的差别仅仅在于其原子核不同。5.The
8、force of electrostatic repulsion between like charges,which varies inversely as the square of their separation,would be expected to be so large that nuclei could not be formed.同种带电粒子之间的静电斥力，其大小与它们之间的距离的平方成反比，这种斥力如此之大以至于原子核无法形成。,Grammar,分词做定语现在分词，类似主谓结构：Particles bearing like charges tend to repel on
9、e another,whereas particles bearing unlike charges tend to attract one another.带有相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而带有不同电荷的粒子则相互吸引。过去分词，类似谓宾结构：Energy stored in fuel is chemical energy.储存在燃料中的能量是化学能。同位语句Water,a compound,can be decomposed into the gaseous elements,hydrogen and oxygen.水是一种化合物，它能分解为气体元素氢和氧。(a compound是water的
10、同位语;hydrogen and oxygen 是element的同位语。)让步状语从句The word“radiation”will be taken to embrace all particles,whether they are of material or electromagnetic origin.“辐射”一词的含义包括所有的粒子，不管它们的性质是属于物质的还是电磁的。,Grammar,现在分词做状语The electron gains energy and moves away with high speed v and total mass-energy mc2,leavin
11、g the atom ionized.电子获得能量并带着总质能mc2高速离开原子核，从而使原子电离。Electrons also flow in a television tube,where they are made to hit the screen,causing a flash of light.电子也能在电视显像管中流动，显像管中的电子冲击荧光屏，因而引起闪光。If its energy is larger,it may impart energy to atomic electrons as described by the Bohr theory,causing excitat
12、ion of electrons to higher energy states or producing ionization,with subsequent emission of light.如果其能量更大，它可以按照波尔理论把能量传递给原子的电子，使电子激发到高能态或电离，并伴随发光现象。An incident photon of high enough energy dislodges(移出)an electron from the atom,leaving a positively charged ion.,It be 句型的翻译技巧,把“it”作为形式主语的被动结构译成主动形式，
13、省掉主语，或添加“人们”、“有人”、“大家”等。如：It is said that 据说；It is supposed that 据推测；It is hoped that 希望；It must be pointed out that 必须指出；It has been proved that 已经证明；It is considered that 人们认为；It is believed that 有人相信；It is well known that 大家知道；It was told that 有人曾经说,长句子翻译化整为零，分译法,英文原句可包含多层意思，而汉语的习惯为一个小句表达一层意思。为了使
14、行文简洁，应将整个长句译成几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，保持前后的连贯。Steel is usually made where the iron is smelted,so that the modern steelworks forms a complete unity,taking in raw materials and producing all types of cast iron and steel,both for sending to other works for further treatment,and as finished products such as joist
15、 and other consumers.初译 通常在炼铁的地方就炼钢，所以现代炼钢厂从运进原材料到生产供送往其他工厂进一步加工处理并制成如工字钢及其它商品钢材的成品而形成一整套的联合企业。这种译文读起来绕口，看起来，概念不清。其原因是囿于英语结构形式，忽略汉语自身规律。可根据表达意思将原文拆散为三个独立的小句译成汉语。steel is smelted为第一小句；so that.steel为第二小句；both for consumers为第三小句。通过bothand连接的两个介词短语在译文中可扩展成句子。改译 通常炼铁的地方也炼钢。因此，现代炼钢厂是一个配套的整体，从运进原料到生产各种类型的铸
16、铁与钢材，有的送往其它工厂进一步加工处理，有的就制成成品，如工字钢及其他一些成材。,长句子翻译纲举目张，变序法,原句结构复杂，可按汉语由远及近的顺序从中间断句，层层展开，最后画龙点睛，突出主题。The reason that a neutral body is attracted by a charged body is that,although the neutral body is neutral within itself,it is not neutral with respect to the charged body,and the two bodies act as if op
17、positely charged when brought near each other.初译 中性物体被带电物体吸引的原因在于，虽然中性物体本身是不带电的，但对带电体来说，它不是中性。当这两个物体彼此接近时，就会产生带有相反电荷的作用。上述译文不恰当地采用了顺序分译法，以致译文内部衔接松弛，破坏了作者所提出的概念的完整性。从although到句尾，都是说明“中性物体被带电体吸引的原因”，这一整体不容分割。可从although引导的让步状语从句入手，将原文中前置的主要信息在译文中后置，画龙点睛。改译 虽然中性物体本身是不带电的，但对于带电体来说，它并非中性；当这两个物体彼此接近时，就会产生极
18、性相反的电荷的作用。这就是中性物体被带电体吸引的原因。,长句子翻译逆流而上，逆序法,英语惯用前置性陈述，先果后因；而汉语相反，一般先因后果，层层递进，最后综合，点出主题。处理这类句子，宜先译全句后部，再依次向前，逆序译出。The construction of such a satellite is now believed to be quite realizable,its realization being supported with all the achievements of contemporary science,which being not only materials
19、capable of withstanding severe stresses involved and high temperatures developed,but new technological processes as well.初译 制造这样的人造卫星确信是可能的，因为可以依靠现代科学的一切成就。这些成就不仅提供了能够承受高温高压的材料，而且也提供了新的工艺过程。原文由三部分构成：主句，作原因状语的分词独立结构，修饰独立结构的定语从句。根据汉语词序，状语特别是原因状语在先，定语前置，故从which入手，再译出its realization，最后才译出The constructio
20、n.realizable.改译 现代科学的一切成就不仅提供了能够承受高温高压的材料，而且也提供了新的工艺过程。依靠这些现代科学的成就，我们相信完全可以制造出这样的人造卫星。,长句子翻译4.顺序法,英语原句结构的顺序与汉语相同，层次分明，翻译成汉语时可以顺序推进，一气呵成。All commercial iron and steel contains iron as chief constituent,but the percentages of carbon and other elements and the methods by which iron and steel is produce
21、d,as well as the processes to which they may be subjected,so change the characteristic properties that there are many distinct forms of iron and steel,some of which have properties so different as to appear like different metal.译文 所有钢铁产品都以其含铁为主要成份，但由于碳和其它元素的含量不同，钢铁冶炼方法不同以及加工过程不同，从而改变了它们的特性，以致于有多种不同的
22、钢铁，其中有些钢铁的特性极不相同，看上去就象不同的金属一样。,科学表达式的读法,Unit of atomic mass is defined as one twelfth of the mass of carbon 12 atom.1u=1.6604 10-27 kg,Avogadros Number(阿佛伽德罗常数)6.0231026 atoms/kg-molElectronic chargeMagnitude:1.60210-19 coulomb 5ku:lRm(库仑)Energy:1eV=1.60210-19 joule dVu:l(焦耳),Reading Scientific Expr
23、essions 1/2,xn,x to the nth power/x to the nth/x to the power n 105,ten to the 5th power2.0 x 1011,two point zero times ten to the eleventhThe Second Power:32-may be read as either Three to the second power,or Three squared.The Third Power:103-may be read as either Ten to the third power,or 10 cubed
24、.,Subscript,下标superscript,上标,Reading Scientific Expressions 2/2,(square)root x/the square root of x cube root(of)x fourth root(of)x nth root(of)x x plus y all squaredx over y all squaredn factorial xi/x subscript i/x suffix i/x sub i X prime,n!,xi,x,长句子翻译练习数字和单位,In order to provide additional margin
25、 to the containment recirculation screens of AP1000 design,metal reflective insulation is used on lines that are subject to jet impingement during loss-of-coolant accidents and that are not shielded from blowdown jets.As a result,fibrous debris is not generated by loss-of-coolant accidents.Insulatio
26、n located in a spherical region with in a distance equal to 20 inside diameters of the LOCA pipe break is assumed to be affected by the LOCA when there are intervening components,supports,structures,or other objects.In the absence of intervening components,supports,structures,or other objects,insulation in a cylindrical area extending out a distance equal to 45 inside diameters from the break along an axis that is a continuation of the pipe axis and up to 5 inside diameters in the radial direction from the axis is assumed to be affected by the LOCA,
