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1、WHAT IS poetry?,Various descriptions about poetry,Poetry is the honey of all flowers,the quintessence of all science,the morrow of wit,and the very phrase of angels.Thomas Nashe,Various descriptions about poetry,If I read a book and it makes my body so cold that no fire can ever warm me,I know that
2、is poetry.If I feel physically as if the top of my head were taken off,I know that is poetry.Emily Dickinson,Various descriptions about poetry,Poetry is a language that tells us,through a more or less emotional reaction,something that cannot be said.Edwin Arlington Robison,Various descriptions about
3、 poetry,Poetry is thought expressed and arranged in such a way that the feelings of the author and the reader harmonize with the sound of the words.It is usually written so that the accents or stress of syllables come at regular intervals,the lines are of fixed length,with words of similar sound at
4、the ends of the lines.The regularity of accent is called rhythm,and the similarity of sound is called rhyme.Henry Huizinga,Value of Learning poetry,Poetry brings blessing to our life both physically and psychologically.Poetry brings the light of knowledge as a wholePoetry is a fundamental way of exp
5、ressing human emotion and thought.Appreciation of poetry helps us to foster an aesthetic taste and lofty sentiments.It is always summer in poetry.,Value of Learning poetry,It would be an unimaginable loss for a student of liberal arts to be shut away from the magnificent mansion of poetry.The follow
6、ing poem written by Eleanor Farjeon may intrigue our mysterious keenness to learn poetry.,Poetry,What is poetry?Who knows?Not a rose,but the scent of the rose;Not the sky,but the light in the sky;Not the fly,but the gleam of the fly;Not the sea,but the sound of the sea;Not myself,but what makes meSe
7、e,hear,and feel something that proseCannot:and what it is,who knows?,kinds of poetry诗歌分类,Ballad(歌谣)A ballad is a short simple narrative poem often relating a dramatic event.Ballads share the following characteristics:a.The beginning is usually abrupt;b.The language is simple;c.The story is told thro
8、ugh dialogue and action;d.The theme is usually tragic.e.There is often a refrain(叠句).,kinds of poetry,Lyric（抒情诗）A lyric is short,within fifty or sixty lines.It treats the thoughts and feelings,usually powerful emotions of the poet or some invented speaker.,kinds of poetry,Narrative Poem(叙事诗）A poem m
9、ainly tells a relatively complete story.Epic(英雄史诗）An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale规模 and grandiose宏伟的 style about the heroes who are usually warriors勇士 or even demigods半人半神.,kinds of poetry,Sonnet(十四行诗）A sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines,usually in iambic pentameter五步抑扬格,
10、restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.Three types of sonnet:a.Shakespean Sonnet:abab cdcd efef gg b.Petrarchan Sonnet:abbaabba cdecde c.Spenserian Sonnet:abab bcbc cdcd ee,kinds of poetry,Ode（颂歌）an ode is a dignified and elaborate structure lyric poem of some length,praising and glorifying an indivi
11、dual,commemorating an event,or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.Elegy(挽歌）Pastoral（田园诗）Blank Verse（无韵诗）Free Verse（自由诗）,Elements of poetry诗歌元素,Rhyme（韵律）It is the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sound.Masculine rhyme阳性韵:when the rhyme sounds involve onl
12、y one syllable.E.g.“cold”and“bold”.Feminine rhyme阴性韵:when the rhyme sounds involve two or more syllables.E.g.“spiteful”and“delightful”.,Elements of poetry,If the one or both rhyming words are within the line,it is called internal rhyme中间韵.e.g.The grains beyond age,the dark veins of her mother.If the
13、 both rhyming words occur at the ends of lines,it is called end rhyme尾韵.e.g.Three poets,in three distant ages born,Greece,Italy,and England did adorn.,Elements of poetry,Alliteration头韵 is the repetition of consonants,esp.at the beginning of words or stressed syllables.e.g.While I nodded,nearly nappi
14、ng,suddenly there came a tapping.Sink or swim不管沉浮成败Fair and foul好坏Safe and sound安然无恙Forgive and forget既往不咎Time and tide时间、光阴,Elements of poetry,Assonance类韵 is the repetition of similar sounds within a noticeable range.e.g.All day the wind breathes low with mellower tone/Thro every hollow cave and al
15、ley lone.late-make；killed-coldConsonance辅音韵 is the repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels.e.g.“tit”and“tat”,“creak”and“crack”.,Elements of poetry,Meter(格律）Refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.Usually,a stressed syllable is marked with
16、”/”and an unstressed syllable is marked with“U”.,Elements of poetry,Names for Meters格律名称:iamb抑扬格(iambic):1 unstressed syllable followed by 1 stressed syllable.The pattern is:U/anapest抑抑扬格(anapestic):2 unstressed syllables followed by 1 stressed syllable.The pattern is：UU/torhee扬抑格(trochaic):1 stress
17、ed syllable followed by 1 unstressed syllable.The pattern is:/U,Elements of poetry,dactyl扬抑抑格(dactylic):1 stressed syllable followed by 2 unstressed syllable：/UU spondee扬扬格(spondaic):1 stressed syllable followed by another stressed syllable:/,Elements of poetry,Foot（音部）Refers to a unit of poetic met
18、ers of stressed and unstressed syllables.,Elements of poetry,Names for feet音步名称:monometer单音步诗行:one foot dimeter二音步诗行:two feet trimeter三音步诗行:three feet pentameter五音步诗行:five feet hexameter六音步诗行:six feet hepatmeter七音步诗行:seven feet octameter八音步诗行:eight feetNotice:Meter is based on syllables,indicating h
19、ow stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged.Foot is applied within a single line,indicating how many meters are employed in that line.,Elements of poetry,E.g.U/U/U/U/U/Shall I compare thee to a summers day?U/U/U/U/U/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.U/U/U/U/U/Rough winds do shake the dar
20、ling buds of May.U/U/U/U/U/And summers lease hath all too short a date.,Elements of poetry,As shown above,the syllables are arranged in the pattern of the unstressed and stressed(U/),so the meter is iambic.And each of the lines contains five iambic unit(iamb),so the lines are written in pentameter.T
21、he metrical rhythm of these lines is iambic pentameter.,Elements of poetry,Tone基调:the pose,mood,voice,attitude and outlook of the poet.It may be“cold”,“eager”,“uncertain”,“boastful”,or“protesting”,etc.Image意象Imagery意境:all the images formed into a meaningful whole in a poem is often called its imager
22、y.Theme主题,Elements of poetry,Poetic devices诗歌修辞手法 simile明喻 metaphor隐喻暗喻 conceit奇思妙喻 personification 拟人 symbol 象征 ambiguity歧义 onomatopoeia 拟声 hyperbole夸张 Synaesthesia通感=感觉的转移 Parody仿词 Allusion典故,Antithesis对偶,Man proposes,God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天Give every man thy ear,but few thy voice.多听少说。Many are cal
23、led,but few are chosen.,When there is need of silence,you speak,and when there is need of speech,you are dumb;须静时你说，要说时你哑。when you are present,you wish to be absent,and when absent,you desire to be present;in peace you are for war,and in war you long for peace;in council协商中 you descant评论 on bravery,
24、and in the battle you tremble.协商时你谈论勇气，而战场上你只会战栗。,Among English writers who have made the most abundant use of antithesis are Pope蒲伯,Young,Johnson,and Gibbon;and especially Lyly约翰利利in his Euphues尤弗依斯（1578）.,Zeugma拈连,用一个动词或形容词，来修饰两个以上名词，Family,religion,friendship.These are the three demons魔鬼 you must
25、 slay=kill if you wish to succeed in business.Mr.Burns,The SimpsonsFriends,Romans,countrymen,lend me your ears.William Shakespeare,Julius Caesar,Lust conquered shame,audacity大胆 fear,madness reason.Histories make men wise;poets,witty;the mathematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral,grave;logic an
26、d rhetoric,able to contend.Francis Bacon.,Both determination and virtue will prevail;both dedication and honor,diligence and commitment.,Syllepsis一笔双叙=一种特殊的zeugma,意义变化较大，或者其中一部分不符合语法或意义逻辑，The blood stained her new brocade and her honor.血溅污了她的新织锦，玷污了她的荣誉。She lost her heart and neckless at the ball.Th
27、e skyand my hopesis falling.Mr.Jones took his coat and his leaveBoth loud lightning and thunder shook the temple walls.,She went straight home in a flood of tears,and a sedan chair.-Charles DickensMy teeth and ambitions are bared;be prepared!-Scar,from The Lion KingShe was a thief,you got to believe
28、:she stole my heart and my cat.From the film So I Married an Axe Murderer,You are free to execute执行；处死 your laws,and your citizens,as you see fit.From the television program Star Trek:The Next GenerationTheres people on the street using guns and knives,taking drugs and each others lives.Flight of th
29、e Conchords,Think About It,Pun双关,Homophonic pun谐音双关Atheism is a non-prophet=profit institution.无神论是一种非盈利性信仰。Question:Why do we still have troops in Germany?为什么还在德国驻留部队？Answer:To keep the Russians in Czech=check.为了将苏联控制在捷克,Homographic pun语义双关,Order，please！Beer！You can tune a guitar,but you cant tuna=
30、tune a fish.Unless of course,you play bass=贝司；鲈鱼.“你可以弹吉他，但你不能弹奏鱼，除非你弹奏鲈鱼（贝司）。,Homonymic pun同音同形异义双关,He has nothing right in his left brain;He has nothing left in his right brain.他左脑想法离谱，他右脑空无一物。,Did you hear about the little moron who strained himself while running into the screen door?你有没有听说过一个小傻瓜撞
31、上纱门时还要使劲(过滤了过去=冲门而出)？Being in politics is just like playing golf:you are trapped in one bad lie（1谎言；2球位）after another。从政犹如打高尔夫：你总要陷于糟糕的球位（撒弥天大谎）。Lie是意义截然不同的两个词，但同音同形。,compound pun复合双关,Why can a man never starve in the Great Desert?Because he can eat the sand which is there.But what brought the sandw
32、iches there?Why,Noah sent Ham=ham,and his descendants mustered=mustard芥末 and bred=bread.Where do mathematicians go on weekends?To a Mbius strip club!公用一个strip：Mbius strip=莫比乌斯环 Strip club=脱衣舞俱乐部,recursive pun 递归双关 第二层意义依赖于第一层,He has nothing right in his left brain;He has nothing left in his right br
33、ain.is only half a pie.radians弧度 is 180 degrees,or half a circle,and a pie is a complete circle.Infinity is not in finity.无限不在有限之中。,Non-humorous puns were and are a standard rhetorical and poetic device in English literature.Puns and other forms of word play have been used by many famous writers,suc
34、h as Alexander Pope,James Joyce,Vladimir Nabokov,Robert Bloch,Lewis Carroll,John Donne,and William Shakespeare,who is estimated to have used over 3,000 puns in his plays.,Shakespeares Richard III理查德三世,Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this son of York(Son=sun),A Hymn to God
35、 the Father神父赞美诗,When Thou hast done,Thou hast not doneFor I have more.that at my death Thy SonShall shine as he shines now,and heretofore And having done that,Thou hast done;I fear no more.John Donne约翰.多恩,married to Anne More,uses puns repeatedly:Son=sun”2 compound puns on Donne/done and More/more.
36、All 3 are homophonic:“more”homographic+capitonymic.,Paradox似非而是的精警,年年难过年年过，处处无家处处家。Hastemakes waste欲速则不达。Child is the father of man.The time of life is short;to spend that shortness basely,it would be too long.Shakespeare 人生苦短，若虚度年华，则短暂的人生就太长了。,“War is peace.”“Freedom is slavery.”“Ignorance is stren
37、gth.”(George Orwell,1984),E.Ray.BraduryThe vacation假期,The land did not move,but moved.The sea was not still,yet was still.Paradox flowed into paradox,stillness mixed stillness,sound with sound.大地止而亦行，大海动而亦静。万寂交而万籁和，若真若假，若是若非。,The swiftest traveler is he that goes afoot.Henry David Thoreau,Walden梭罗瓦尔
38、登湖,If you wish to preserve your secret,wrap it up in frankness.Alexander Smith,红楼梦,宝钗笑道：“你的绰号早有了，无事忙三个字恰当得很。”“Youve already got one,”Baochai chuckled,“Much Ado about Nothing is just the name for you.”,Oxymoron矛盾修饰法,deafening silence甜蜜的伤心a mournful optimist悲伤的乐观主义者agreeable melancholy 令人舒适的忧郁pleasant
39、 sorrow 凄美 jarring silence 刺耳的沉默 pleasant malady令人愉快的疾病,cruel kindness严酷的仁慈true lies真实的谎言enclosed freedom封闭的自由bitter-sweet memories伤心但愉快的回忆The mother is undergoing the joyful pain and the painful joy of childbirth.,徐志摩的赠日本女郎,最是那一低头的温柔，像一朵水莲花不胜凉风的娇羞，道一声珍重，道一声珍重，那一声珍重里有甜蜜的忧愁 沙扬娜拉！这是徐志摩于1924年陪泰戈尔游历东瀛岛国
40、日本时写的长诗沙扬娜拉十八首中的最后一首。这首玲珑之作表现了浪漫诗人的灵动与风流情怀。诗中末尾的“甜蜜的忧愁”作为全诗的诗眼，就是运用了矛盾修辞法。这里，诗人采用对立情绪产生的矛盾效果，浪漫地表达了自己的情感，真可谓悠悠离愁，万种风情，一切尽在不言中。,Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶,Why,then,O brawling love!O loving hate!O any thing,of nothing first create!O heavy lightness!Serious vanity!Mis-shapen chaos of well-seeming forms!Fe
41、ather of lead,bright smoke,cold fire,sick health!Still-waking sleep that is not what it is!This love feel I,that feel no love in this.(Romeo and Juliet)啊，吵抄闹闹的相爱，亲亲热热的怨恨！啊，无中生有的一切！啊，沉重的轻浮，严肃的狂妄，整齐的混乱，铅铸的羽毛，光明的烟雾，寒冷的火焰，憔悴的健康，永远觉醒的睡眠，否定的存在！我感觉到的爱情正是这么一种东西，可是我并不喜爱这一种爱情。,美国著名短篇小说家欧亨利,It has the poorest
42、millionaires,the littlest great man,the haughtiest beggars,the plainest beauties,the lowest skyscrapers,the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.(它有我从未见过的最贫穷的百万富翁、最渺小的伟人、最傲慢的乞丐、最丑陋的美人、最矮的摩天大楼和最令人伤心的快乐。),英国桂冠诗人Alfred Tennyson（18091892）,His honour rooted in dishonour stood And faith unfaithful
43、kept him falsely true.他那来源于不名誉的名誉依然如故，而那并不诚实的诚实保持虚伪的忠诚。在这句诗中，诗人巧妙运用dishonour修饰honour,unfaithful修饰faith,falsely修饰true,从而形成一系列的语义对立，产生出了鲜明的矛盾修辞效果。,Palindrome回文,You can cage a swallow,cant you?But you cant swallow a cage,can you?Eva,can I stab bats in a cave?,So patient a doctor to doctor a patient so.
44、The melody was old;old also were the words.,Anadiplosis顶真,He gave his life;life was all he could give.Information is not knowledge,knowledge is not wisdom,wisdom is not truth,truth is not beauty,beauty is not love,love is not music and music is the best.Frank Zappa,“Mine be thy love,and thy loves us
45、e their treasure.”Shakespeare,Sonnet 20.Queeg:Aboard my ship,excellent performance is standard.Standard performance is sub-standard.Sub-standard performance is not permitted to exist.Herman Wouk,The Caine Mutiny 凯恩舰叛变.,Fear leads to anger.Anger leads to hate.Hate leads to suffering.Yoda,Star Wars Th
46、e frog was a prince The prince was a brickThe brick was an eggThe egg was a bird Suppers Ready by Genesis,We also rejoice in our sufferings,because we know that suffering produces perseverance;perseverance,character;and character,hope.And hope does not disappoint us.“Romans5:35,They call for you:The
47、 general who became a slave;the slave who became a gladiator;the gladiator who defied an Emperor.Striking story.Commodus,Gladiator,Turn the lights out now;Now Ill take you by the hand;Hand you another drink;Drink it if you can;Can you spend a little time;Time is slipping away;Away from us so stay;St
48、ay with me I can make;Make you glad you came Glad You Came by The Wanted,Hypallage移就=transferred epithet,On the idle hill of summerSleepy with the flow of streamsFar I hear.(A.E.Housman,A Shropshire Lad)idle hill.sleepy is a hypallage:It is the narrator,not the hill,who exhibits表现出这些特点 these feature
49、s.,“The ploughman homeward plods his weary疲惫的 way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me(Thomas Gray,Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard)Weary way is a hypallage:it is the ploughman,not the way,that is weary.,restless night The night was not restless,but the person who was awake through it was.happy morning Mornings have no feelings,but the people who are awake through them do.,
