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1、法律语用学新进展Advances in Forensic Pragmatics,基于第十届国际法律语言学大会的汇报与思考A Report on the International Association of Forensic Linguists(IAFL)Tenth Biennial Conference:focusing on forensic pragmatics,张新红广东外语外贸大学法律语言学研究所,第12届全国语用学研讨会论坛：从第12届国际语用学大会等看语用学发展趋势山西大学 2011年7月,主办方与承办方,Outline,法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？法律语言学家面临哪
2、些困境？他们是如何走出困境来完成各类任务的(语言学工具)？纯粹的语用学方法还是综合运用语言学各个学科？对国内法律语用学/语言学研究的启示？,法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？,Reformulation/Fabrication/Institutionalization/Contraction/Decontextualization/Summarizing of Institutional Interaction in police interviewing and court trial(polices institutionalized/bureaucratic report of wi
3、tness or suspects statement as evidence against suspect,在法院则经常直接quote out of context,misrepresenting the suspects own words or taken as direct representation of suspects own words，大陆法系尤其如此；作为专家证人或者辩护律师，需要recontextualize);different versions of the story:The Career of a Suspects Statement:Talk,text,an
4、d context(Martha Komter-plenary speaker)“You asked me what happened last night”:A comparison between first story solicitations in police interrogations and the text in the police records From Id like to report to they told me to phone you up to report:Metalinguistic dimensions of interactions in pol
5、icing Overlapping Voices in Police Records of Interpreted Interviews with Witnesses,法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？,Suspects right to silence,right to interpreting service(assessment of his L2 linguistic and pragmatic competence,both comprehension and production(summer school case,法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？,Applicabil
6、ity/Usability of guidelines in judicial settings:Police Interviewing Practice Policy/Guidelines(esp.in cases involving vulnerable witnesses such as children,rape victims and the(mentally or physically)disabled:The Americans With Disabilities Act as Discourse Failure(Jill Anderson)vulnerability of wi
7、tnesses(Vulnerable Witnesses in England and Wales:Have we now achieved best evidence?);Improving the Comprehensibility of Pattern Jury Instructions(Bethany Dumas)The Consequences of Faked Comprehension in Interrogation Settings,法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？,Determination of Disputed Meaning:what did the speak
8、er really say and mean?Expert witnesses work for police,lawyers,legal aid centers,courts or clients(in criminal cases,defamation cases,copyright cases,TM cases,contracts(territory;no subject;rent for equipment and consumables),etc.)(专家确定意义的过程与侦探查案过程类似):The worst thing is that you killed him Pragmati
9、c meanings in forensic contexts(KK)(Come here man)Duppying Yoots in a Dog Eat Dog World,kmt:Determining meaning at the Old Bailey(Tim Grant)Psychological Insights Contributing to Police Interviewing Policy and Practice(RAY BULL)Expert Witnesses Role in Disputed Speech Presentation in a News Report(R
10、eiko Ikeo),法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？,Language rights,equality,etc.:Interpreting services in all judicial proceedings(summer school case);equality b/w trial participants;Internet,email,blog users need some knowledge of contracts:Experts as Vulnerable Witnesses in Australian Aboriginal Land Claim and Native
11、 Title Cases(Michael Walsh)Non-Adversarial Justice:The changing role of courtroom participants in an indigenous sentencing court(Natalie Stroud)Virtual Contracts:EULAs and TOSAs(Gail Stygall),法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？,Interpretation/application of laws,regulations,contracts etc.:literal or pragmatic?moral
12、ity,deceptive interpretation taking advantage of linguistic ambiguities and indeterminacies or legal loopholes;purpose test：Statutory Interpretation,Morality and the Text(Lawrence Solan),法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？,Legal discourse,power and control in courtroom discourse,police interview etc.:Expert Witness
13、 Testimony:Negotiating control over the evidence;Language Struggle and Power Abuse Through Diglossia in a Murder Trial(Giorgos V.Georgiou)Fair Comments in Hong Kong Defamation Cases(Le Cheng&Winnie Cheng)Police Interrogation and Identity Construction(Ning Ye and Jixian Pang)Law,Language and Power in
14、 the Age of Wikiforensics:The transcoding of innocence and guilt in the Meredith Kercher case Discourse of Power and Ideology in Criminal Courts of IranUsing okayfor Task Management,Solidarity Overture,and Confrontation in a Police Interview,法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？,Legal/Court interpretingOverlapping Vo
15、ices in Police Records of Interpreted Interviews with Witnesses(Karolina Jarmolowska)Garment,or Upper-garment?A Matter of Interpretation?(Eva Ng)Its As If You Were Physically Present:Interpreters and prison video Link in the multilingual courtroom(Yvonne Fowler)Legal Translation and Interpreting,and
16、 Forensic Linguistics:What needs to be changed in Portugal(Ana Paula da Fonseca Lopes)Elicited Imitation as a Determiner of the Need for a Court Interpreter(William Eggington,Troy Cox&Seth Wood)Legal Interpreting and the Administration of Justice in Foreigner-related Cases in China Today:A Long way
17、to Go(Xinhong ZHANG),法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？,Deception:Telling the Truth,the Whole truth,and.Anything More Than the Truth?(ngela Almela Snchez-Lafuente)Detecting Deception in Italian Criminal Proceedings(Tommaso Fornaciari)The False Report During an Emergency Call:Using discourse analysis to detect dece
18、it(Marty Laforest)Isabel Picornell:The Rakes Progress:Mapping deception in written witness statementsZhanghong Xu:A Pragmatic Approach to Litigants Deceptive Strategies in Reconstructing Legal Facts in Chinese Civil CourtGillian Grebler:(False)Confessions Become Compelling at Trial,法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案
19、例？,Authorship analysisExploring the Potential for Formulaic Language as a Marker of Authorship(Samuel Tomblin)Whose Tweet?Authorship Analysis of Micro-blogs and Other Short Form Messages(Nicci MacLeod And all the Function Words Merely Players?A Corpus-assisted Analysis of the Importance of Semantic
20、Roles of Function Words in Authorship AttributionNative Language Identification:Identifying native Persian speakers writing in English,法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？,Pragmatics in Courtroom discourse:I Object Or Did I?(Mel Greenlee)A Comparison of Questioning,Turn-taking and Code-switching in Malaysian Syariah
21、 and Common Law Courts(Azirah Hashim&Richard Powell)Linguistic Meaning,Pragmatics and Context:Semantic analysis of evidence in a double homicide trial seeking to weigh intent A Pragmatic Approach to Litigants Deceptive Strategies in Reconstructing Legal Facts in Chinese Civil CourtsThe Speech Act of
22、 Apology-ACCEPTING in German Victim-offender-mediation,法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？,Analysis of Suicide notesJess Shapero&Sue Blackwell:“There are letters for you all on the sideboard”:What can linguists learn from multiple suicide-note writers?Dana Roemling:Genuine and Simulated Suicide Notes in German,法律语言
23、学家面临哪些困境？他们是如何走出困境来完成各类任务的(语言学工具)？,任务急、时间紧在侦查阶段没有语言学家参与，录音转写由非专业人士完成，因此能够参考的语料较少，甚至只有一个词语或一句话+双方的争议焦点；即使有完整笔录，也很难根据上下文做出双方满意的推理判断理解话语所必须的语境和说话人的背景经常必须重新建构(recontextualize),法律语言学家面临哪些困境？他们是如何走出困境来完成各类任务的(语言学工具)？,根据案件的类型，具体问题具体处理，可以说是典型的应用语言学，只要能够用于帮助确定意义，都可以尝试采用。例如：确定一件强奸案日记的作者，就采用了母语发展等理论；房东想赶走房客，于是
24、写了“Ill smoke you out of the house”。Is it a threat or not?用了言语行为理论等分析；识别Alleged suicide note的作者：找到suspect可用于对比的语料，然后采用文体分析、统计、语用分析、体裁分析、topic analysis等综合方法,法律语言学家面临哪些困境？他们是如何走出困境来完成各类任务的(语言学工具)？,有些法律语言专家证人则采用比较固定的分析模式，例如Ron Butters对intellectual property disputes(特别是其中disputed trademarks)、不充分的产品说明、欺骗性
25、广告，喜欢采用四层分析法：句法、语义、语用、符号学；对合同采用三层分析法：语句、语义、语用。确定词义的方法：词典、internet sources of primary data、corpus等Genericness in TM(Trademark)McSleep v.McDonalds(sound,meaning n pragmatic context)App Store v AppStore v Apps storeKressler slogan:eg:Our cars are imported from Detroit.,法律语言学家面临哪些困境？他们是如何走出困境来完成各类任务的(语言
26、学工具)？,Corpus linguistics:本届大会有一个panel。Corpus linguistics在法律语言学中被大量使用：David Wright:Stylistic Variation Within Genre Conventions in the Enron Email Corpus:Developing a text-sensitive methodology for authorship researchMillicent Murdoch:Whats in a Name?An Investigation into Authorship AttributionCara A
27、ttenborough:Upsetting the Apple Cart:Developing a suitable linguistic methodology for use in trademark disputesClaire Brodley:Representation of Rape in 18th Century Trials in The Proceedings of the Old Bailey 1674-1913Will Dickson:Semantic and Syntactic Representations of monomania in Victorian Tria
28、ls Surrounding the McNaughten Trial(1843),Upsetting the Apple Cart:Developing a suitable linguistic methodology for use in trademark disputes CARA ATTENBOROUGH Apple Inc.and a small company called Sector Labs LLC are currently in court proceedings to determine whether the latter company can feasibly
29、 call its product Video Pod without diluting Apple Inc.s iPod trademark.This study compiled a corpus of American news publications from 2000 to 2010 that featured the lexeme pod,to determine whether Apple Inc.has the right to demand sole use of pod in its product trademarks.Collocational analysis wa
30、s the chief method used to analyse the data.It was hypothesized that if pod and iPod shared similar collocates then there is considerable likelihood of confusion between iPod and the proposed Video Pod.The analysis found the lexemes are used in different linguistic contexts and there is no significa
31、nt collocate overlap between pod and iPod.The paper concludes,therefore,that Video Pod should be allowed as a trademark.For this analysis to hold in a courtroom setting,however,the paper concedes that the corpus used,totaling just over 460,000 words,needs to be larger and perhaps also include spoken
32、 data to provide an even more accurate representation of how pod is used in the modern English Language.,法律语言学家面临哪些困境？他们是如何走出困境来完成各类任务的(语言学工具)？,Corpa:The British National Corpus:www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/index.xmlCorpus of Contemporary American English:http:/corpus.byu.edu/coca/You can also use the Inter
33、net as a corpus:www.webcorp.org.uk/Try also(Click on a news story and read the user comments underneath)Google;wikiTweeter各类方言词典,纯粹的语用学方法还是综合运用语言学各个学科,Purism or toolkit?It depends on the nature of the task.,对国内法律语用学研究的启示？,Which approach to use?(What is ur research Q?Why r u analyzing this text?What
34、do u hope to find out?Spoken or written?How natural is ur text?How interactive is ur text?)Comparative analysis of police interviews(many different aspects,approaches,and worries of course);TM cases:现成的案例很多，大家可以发表专家意见Cases in the media context产品说明书欺骗性广告庭审话语Problems in interpreter-aided communication(meaning distorted twice:by interpreter and stenographer,how to recontextualize interpreted discourse?),谢谢！,
