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1、汉英句法对比,英汉思维的差异抽象思维与形象思维直线思维与曲线思维复杂与简约主体突出与主客体交错句法对比树状与竹状替代与重复形合与意合静态与动态表态与叙事主体意识与客体意识时体的重与轻,图片PK看差异,交通工具,聚会,老年人的生活,领导形象与地位,旅游,美的标准,想象中的对方,意见,一日三餐,排队,周日的街道景观,在餐厅的嗓门,树状与竹状,英语句子是树状结构，主干如树干，各种成分一个一个挂靠上去，枝繁叶茂；而汉语句子是竹状结构，按时间或逻辑顺序，层层铺开，一节节连下去。因此，翻译时要注意树状与竹状结构间的转化,We have learned,This is the cat.This is the
2、 cat that killed the rat.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.,这就是那只猫。这就是那只捉住了老鼠的猫。-老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。-老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。-
3、屋子是杰克盖的。,ExampleI,The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about,we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented.月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也看不到它们,Example II,Upon his deat
4、h in 1826,Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration on Independence and the father of the University of Virginia.1826年杰斐逊逝世.按他生前遗愿,在他墓地的石碑上刻着:独立宣言的作者,弗吉利亚大学创建人之墓.,汉语的竹竿句：按时间或逻辑顺序，层层铺开，呈线形推进。这是一个秋天的下午。细雨淅沥，秋风瑟瑟。他们撑着雨伞，攀沿着
5、一个弯曲的山间小道去拜望一位隐居在深山的朋友。They walked with umbrellas up a winding mountain path on a drizzling and windy autumn afternoon for a visit to a friend living in seclusion.,E.g.有些人成功了，有些人失败了。问题不在于机会多少，而在于他们能否抓住机会。Some people succeed.Some people fail.The essential difference is not the number of opportunities
6、.It is whether they can take advantage of opportunities.One essential difference between those who succeed and those who fail lies in the way they seize the opportunities rather than in the numbers of opportunities they have.,替代与重复,这是英语和汉语的一个重要差异：英语重替代（即多用代词，包括人称代词、指示代词、不定代词和关系代词，还有表示替代的词so,do）；汉语重重
7、复，重复现象比比皆是。,Examples,我们的民族是一个伟大的民族。Ours is a great nation/our nation is great one.革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。Revolution means the emancipation of the productive force,and so does reform.你答应了帮他就应当帮助他。You should help him since you promised to do so.,More,任何人不得将个人利益置于国家利益和 社会利益之上。Nobody shall place his own int
8、erests above those of the state and the society.南北问题尖锐地摆在我们的面前，解决发展问题与解决和平问题同等迫切重要。The North-South relations have become an acute issue.To seek development and peace are equally urgent and important tasks.,中国一贯主张裁军，反对一切军备竞赛，既反对常规军备竞赛，更反对核军备竞赛；既反对地面上的军备竞赛，也反对在太空进行的军备竞赛。China consistently stands for d
9、isarmament and is opposed to all kinds of arms race,whether it is conventional or nuclear,on the ground or in outer space.,Some further thoughts,四字格 汉语中有大量的四字词组。四字格的特点是：内容言简意赅，形式整齐划一，语音顺口悦耳，表达效果形象生动 e.g.But there had been too much publicity about my case.但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。I had been completely ho
10、nest in my replies,withholding nothing.我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡,直言无隐。,2.,Each one must do his utmost or the labor of all is vain.每个人都必须竭尽全力，否则就会徒劳无益（前功尽弃）。I congratulate myself on my narrow escape.我庆幸自己死里逃生。我厂生产的地毯图案新颖、色调雅致、美丽大方、富丽堂皇。The carpets made in our factory are beautiful and magnificent for their novel d
11、esigns and elegant colors.,形合与意合,汉语：意合(parataxis)“虚幻、空灵”英语：形合(hypotaxis)“逻辑美、理性美”英语句子中各成分的相互结合多用适当的连接词语，而中文句子则多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词。即英文重形合，中文重意和。所以，在翻译中，要注意增减连接词。,汉语的流水句：写句“以意为尽”。“追求流动的韵律、节奏、不滞于形”，突出主题。牡丹江水，汹涌澎湃，万马奔腾，一泻千里。Waves upon waves,the Peony River rushed violently down its long courses like a
12、horse galloping.,汉语无主句你们公司几点上班？Whats the clock-in time at your company?经常饮水有利于减肥。Water works for weight loss.,人非圣贤，孰能无过？It is human to err.学校里正在上课。Classes are going on in the school.十年树木，百年树人。It takes ten years to grow trees,but one hundred years to rear people.,Examples,我买了7本书，一共7元钱。I bought seven
13、books which cost me 7 Yuan.If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远么？I went to dance with a girl who has a Southern accent.我同一位操南方口音的姑娘跳舞。,小孩子受了惊吓就会哭。Little children will cry when they are frightened.他不愿意，我们干吗强迫他干？Why should we force him to do it if he is unwilling?,More,原文：近闻夫人健康如常，颇感欣慰。
14、译文：It is a supreme comfort to me when I am informed that you are as healthy as ever.原文：亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。译文：It is not too late to mend the fold even after some sheep have been lost.原文：你去也白去。译文：Even if you go there,there wont be any result.,他是一个好老师，胸怀宽广，思想高尚，能真正地献身于教育事业，受到了学生们广泛的赞赏，课不仅上得生动幽默，人也随和客气。He was a
15、good teacher.As a man richly endowed with a generous heart and a noble mind,he was widely admired for his genuine devotion to education.He could not only deliver his lectures vividly and humorously but widely made friends with students.He was an easygoing and friendly person.,静态与动态,英语叙述呈静态,汉语叙述呈动态。汉
16、语倾向于多用动词，而英语则倾向于多用名词、介词短语、形容词等等。所以，在英译汉时，要注意从静态到动态的转化，而汉译英时则相反。,英语介词译成汉语动词,He walked around the house with a gun.他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。He is a man above vulgar interests.他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。,A man from other planetsA machine for cutting paperWent out through the rain,汉语先说事，英语先表态例：如蒙汇来商品目录以及现行销售条款，我们将不甚感激。We would ap
17、preciate it very much if you could send us your catalog together with the current sales terms.,汉语的主体意识，英语的客体意识,我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.这种运动首先在北京兴起。（Beijing first saw the rise of the movement.）。,英语重时体；汉语轻时体如：人类过去、现在、而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。（Man was,is and always w
18、ill be trying to improve his living conditions.）有时这种描绘还能融入作者或说话人的一种感情色彩。如：He is always thinking of how he could do more for the people(表示赞扬).My wife is always changing her clothes(表示厌烦).,1)听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.2)牛津的在校学生数无论现在还是过去都比多伦多大学少。Oxford has,or had ti
19、ll yesterday,fewer students than the University of Toronto.,Anadiplosis 与顶真,“民生在勤,勤则不魔。”“人谁无过,过而能改,善莫大焉。”“学问藏之身,身在则有余。”“相形不如论心,论心不如择术。”“真人不露相,露相不真人。”,Every time a woman we liberated,we liberated a man.我们每解放一位妇女也就解放了一个男子。When you have nothing to say,say nothing.无话可说时,就什么也不要说。,很少富人拥有其财产,是财产拥有他们。Few ri
20、ch men own their property.Their property owns them.举杯消愁愁更愁!I lift my cup of wine to drown my sorrow?My sorrow leaves me not!,Assignment,1.当我看到英语老师时，我非常紧张。When I see my English teacher,I always feel nervous The very sight of my English teacher makes me nervous 2.我猜他来自四川，因为他没法掩藏自己的口音。I guessed he came
21、 from Sichuan because he could not conceal his accent I guessed he came from Sichuan because his accent betrayed him 3.人们普遍认为那样做是不明智的。People generally consider that it is not advisable to act that way It is generally considered not advisable to act that way 4.显然，今年将比去年生产更多的粮食。Obviously，this year wil
22、l produce more grain than last year Obviously，we will produce more grain than last year 5.打开门，一只小狗跑了出来。Opening the door，a little dog ran out When I opened the door,a little dog ran out 6.你是你，我是我，我们井水不犯河水。You go your way and Ill go mine.We will not interfere with each other.7.你别多想了，过一天是一天吧。Dont take it to heart.Get by as far as you can.8.吃一口是一口，能吃多少是多少。Eat if you can,and as much as possible.,
