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1、英语句子成分简单介绍,英语句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分。主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。,英语各种成份的基本含义及用法：一、主语 主语：表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。一句话，主语由名词性的词来充当。主语一般位于句首，但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不为疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。,Ex.1.名词作主语 Mr.Chen is a well-known scientist.陈先生是个著名的科学家。
2、2.代词作主语 Unable to find words to express themselves,they silently grasped our hands.由于找不到话来表达自己的感情，他们默默地握住了我们的手。,3.数词数词词组作主语1）Two will be enough.两个就够了。2）Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school.在我们学校，三分之二的学生是男生。4.不定式短语作主语 To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.在昆明湖游泳是件非常快乐的事。,5.动名词作主语Si
3、nging is one of my interests.唱歌是我的兴趣之一。6.名词化的形容词作主语The rich should help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。,7.从句作主语 What we shall do next is not yet decided.接下来要做什么还没有决定。8.it 作形式主语 It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.她是否来这无关紧要。,9.there be 结构 there be 结构是一种特殊的句子，there 占据着主语的位置，而真正的主语放在动词之后，表示“有”的含义。在这里的ther
4、e 不同于副词there，在构成疑问句时，there 起着主语的作用。Therere lots of gardens in Suzhou,arent there?苏州有很多园林，对吧？,二、谓语 谓语：说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词短语充当。除了倒装等特殊情况外，谓语的位置相对固定，总是位于主语的后面。即句子最主要的两大成份位置是：主语谓语。,（一）简单谓语1.一个动词或动词短语构成的谓语1）We plant trees in spring every year.我们每年春天都种树。2）The plane took off at seven oclock.飞机7点起飞。3）Th
5、ey have been working on the project for many years.这项工程他们已经进行很多年了。,（二）复合谓语 复合谓语由两部分构成。1.情态动词动词原形 He can speak English.2.其他词不定式They seemed to respect the old professor very much.看起来他们非常尊敬这位老教授。,3.系动词表语1)Taiwan is an island.台湾是一个岛屿。2)The weather has turned cold.天气已经变冷了。,三、宾语 宾语：表示动作行为的对象，是动作的承受者或结果，一般
6、由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，常跟在及物动词和介词后。,（一）Ex.1.名词作宾语 They went to see an exhibition yesterday.他们昨天去看了一个展览。2.代词作宾语 We often help him.我们经常帮助他。,3.不定式作宾语 He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。4.动名词短语作宾语 We enjoy listening to the music.我们很喜欢听音乐。5.从句做宾语 She said that she felt sick.她说她病了。,（二）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）有些动词（eg.
7、give,pass,bring,show）后面可以接两个宾语，直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语通常指动作的承受者，常为物，间接宾语指动作所向的人或物，多指人。1.The sun gives us light and warmth.太阳给了我们光和热。,四、宾语补足语 宾语补足语：用来对宾语进行补充和说明，一般由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。,Ex.1.名词作宾语补足语 They elected John Monitor.他们选举John 为班长。2.形容词作宾语补足语 They made her happy.他们使她高兴。,3.副词作宾语补足语 I saw the ele
8、vator up and down.我看到电梯在上下开动。4.现在分词作宾语补足语 We heard her singing a song.我们听到她正在唱歌。5.介词短语作宾语补足语 I saw a bird in a cage.我看到一只鸟在笼子里。,6.不定式短语作宾语补足语 You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.你不准强迫他借钱给你。7.从句作宾语补足语 We will soon make our city what your city is now.我们很快就会将我们的城市变成你们城市现在的样子。,五、表语 表语：说明主语的身份、
9、职业、状态、性质和特征的句子成分，一般由名词、形容词，相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当，常位于系动词之后，与之构成系表结构。系动词是侧重于表示人或事物状态、性质的动词，例如：be,sound，get(变得),look,seem，feel，become,appear等。,1.名词作表语 I am a teacher.我是一名教师。2.代词作表语 That is something we have to keep in mind.那是我们得记在心里的事。3.形容词作表语 The children mustnt go hungry.孩子们不能挨饿。,4.数词作表语 Three times se
10、ven is twenty one.三乘以七等于二十一。5.分词作表语 This years sales figures are quite encouraging.今年的销售量很鼓舞人心。6.动名词作表语 His first job was selling computers.他的第一份工作是卖电脑。,7.不定式作表语 All you have to do is to listen.你只需要听。8.介词短语作表语 They are on the playground now.他们现在在操场上。,9.词组作表语 That would be a great weight off my mind.
11、这将了却我的一件心事。10.从句作表语 This is where our basic interest lies.这是我们的根本利益所在。,六、定语 定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词（eg.something,nothing）时，或不定式、分词短语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。,1.形容词作定语 The boy,tired,hungry and thirsty,fell down on the beach.那个又累又饥渴的男孩倒在沙
12、滩上了。2.代词作定语 This could change our lives.这可以改变我们的生活。3.数词作定语 She bought two kilos of apples.她买了两公斤的苹果,4.名词名词所有格作定语1）They are going to send a trade delegation to China.他们将派遣一个贸易代表团来中国。2）Whats your governments view about it?你们政府对此有何看法？,5.现在分词、过去分词、分词短语作定语1）It was a pressing meeting and all the members h
13、ad to attend.这是一次紧急会议，所有成员都得参加。2）She is the daughter of a retired professor.她是一位退休教授的女儿。3）There is a door leading to the garden.有一扇门通往花园。,6.不定式（短语）作定语 I want to get something to drink.我想找点东西喝。7.介词短语作定语 The boy in blue is Tom.穿蓝色衣服的男孩儿是汤姆。8.副词作定语 Tickets are cheaper during the off season.在淡季，机票比较便宜。,
14、9.词组或合成词作定语1）a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 great numbers of tourists 大量游客2）a long-distance call 长途电话 one-parent families 单亲家庭10.从句作定语 The man who gave us a report yesterday was a model worker.昨天晚上给我们作报告的那个人是劳动模范。,七、状语 状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语及整个句子的句子成分。一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语的位置非
15、常灵活，它可以放在句首、句中或者句末，而不一定是紧跟在动词的前后。,（一）Ex.1.副词及副词性词组作状语1）The film is very interesting.那部电影非常有趣。2)I know the writer quite well.我非常了解那位作者。,2.分词（短语）作状语 He sits there,asking for a glass of water.他坐在那儿，要一杯水。3.介词短语作状语 He did his homework carefully at home.他在家认真地做着作业。4.不定式短语作状语 Her mother goes out to do some
16、 shopping on Sunday.她母亲星期天出去买点东西。,5.名词作状语 Come this way!走这条路！6.从句作状语 When I grow up,I am going to be a teacher.当我长大后，我想当一名教师。,（二）状语的种类：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on
17、the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）,She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller th
18、an he is.（比较状语）,八.同位语 同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。Ex.1.This is my friend Harry.这是我的朋友哈利。2.We students should study hard.我们学生应该努力学习。,九.独立成分 独立成分：与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。,感叹词：oh,hello,aha等。肯定词yes,否定词no。称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：句中插入的I think,I believe等。情态词：表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）：perhaps,maybe,actually,certainly等。,Ex.1.Strange to say,he did pass his exam after all.说也奇怪，考试他竟然通过了。2.The story,I think,has never come to the end.我相信，这个故事还远未结束。,
