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1、,2004 Crop Production Considerations,Todd VagtsISU Extension Crop Field Specialist,Todd Vagts,Talking Points,Rotation changes?Corn Soybean Yield ComparisonsSoybean Yield Plateau?Pest ConsiderationsSoybeanCorn,Todd Vagts,The Rotation Decision?,Traditional Corn-SoybeanCorn-Corn-SoybeanContinuous CornP
2、roblems and Considerations,Todd Vagts,Why Corn-Bean Rotation,Higher Yields(?)Rotation EffectLower fertilizer costs(?)Less pest problems(?)Weeds,insects,diseaseLess crop residue to manageFarm program(?),Todd Vagts,-10%,-7%,(1998-01),Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,-9%,Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,2nd Year Corn,Potent
3、ial 7 to 10 percent yield reduction compared to 1st year cornAdditional 2 to 4 percent yield reduction with 3 or more years of corn,Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,Rotation Yield Gains and Losses,2nd Year Corn8%Yield reduction X(149 bu/A)=11.9 bu11.9 bu/A X$2.48=$28.56(Disadvantage)Soybean following 2nd Year
4、Corn6%Yield Increase X(43.9 bu/A)=2.6 bu2.6 bu/A X$6.04=$15.70(Advantage),Todd Vagts,Costs to Corn-on-Corn2nd year corn and 3rd year soybean,Corn Yield Reduction Soybean Yield Gain-$28.56+$15.70=-$12.86,Todd Vagts,Nutrient Requirements,Todd Vagts,Nutrient Costs,Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,Nutrient factors
5、,Todd Vagts,Costs to Corn-on-Corn2nd year corn and 3rd year soybean,Corn Yield Reduction Soybean Yield Gain Fertilizer Cost-$28.56+$15.70+-$12.00(2 years)=-$24.86(2 year),Todd Vagts,Yield and Rotation,Yield benefit to rotation most evident in lower yield environments(25%)Yield benefit declines under
6、 high yield environments for both corn and soybean(15%or less)Corn-Soybean rotation maximizes corn yield but not soybean yieldThe Corn Soybean Rotation Effect,Joe Laurer Paul Porter and Ed Oplinger.University of Wisconsin.,Todd Vagts,Calhoun County Soybean and Corn YieldsComparison,Todd Vagts,Todd V
7、agts,5-Year Average Soybean Yield,Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,5 Year Average Yield,Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,Greater Advantage to Corn“High corn yields relative to soybean yields”,Todd Vagts,Yield Trends 1971-02,Iowa,Calhoun County,Todd Vagts,Yield Trend-1997-02,Iowa,Calhoun County,Todd Vagts,6-Yea
8、r Yield Trends Iowa1997 021987 921977-82,Todd Vagts,6-Year Yield Trends Calhoun County1997 021987 921977-82,Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,Yield Trends for Iowa6 Year Increments,Todd Vagts,Yield Trends for Calhoun County6 Year Increments,Todd Vagts,Have Soybean Yields Reached a Plateau?,For Calhoun County,wh
9、en compared to similar time periods in the past NoAnswer is more difficult to determine for the state,Todd Vagts,Economics,Todd Vagts,Shift Acres from Beans to Corn?2/09/04,Dec.corn futures$2.83 Less basis,N.Iowa 0.35 Harvest hedge price 2.48Nov.soybean futures$6.49 Less basis,N.Iowa 0.45 Harvest he
10、dge price 6.04,R.WisnerISU Econ.,Todd Vagts,Corn/soy:Harvest hedge price$2.48Less variable prodn costs 170 bu./A.1.17Net/bu.1.31Net/A.over variable cost$222.70 Corn/corn:Harvest hedge price$2.48Less variable prodn costs 145 bu./A.(ISU farms avg.diff.)1.55Net/bu.0.93Net/A.$134.85,Corn,Corn,SB rotatio
11、n,Todd Vagts,Corn/soy:Harvest hedge price$2.48Less variable prodn costs 149 bu./A.(5-Yr Ave.Yield Calhoun County)1.21Net/bu.1.27Net/A.over variable cost$189.23 Corn/corn:Harvest hedge price$2.48Less variable prodn costs 136 bu./A.(91%of C/S)1.60Net/bu.0.88Net/A.$119.68,Corn,Corn,SB rotation,Returns
12、to Corn Production,Todd Vagts,Corn/soy:Harvest hedge price$6.04Less variable prodn costs 50 bu./A.2.17Net/bu.3.87Net/A.$193.50 Corn/soy:Harvest hedge price$6.04Less variable prodn costs 38 bu./A.2.86Net/bu.3.18Net/A.(excludes aphid spraying cost)$120.84,Shift Acres from Beans to Corn?,Disease,Nemato
13、de,aphid problems,2/09/04,Todd Vagts,Economic Summary,Return to cornC/S Rotation$189($1.27/bu)C/C/S$120($0.88/bu),Return to soybeanLow Yield$121($3.18/bu)High Yield$194($3.87/bu),Todd Vagts,Other Factor to Consider,Greater percentage of farm in one crop increases riskCorn requires greater input expe
14、nses,Todd Vagts,Pest Management Considerations,CornWestern Bean CutwormGrape colaspisSoybeanSoybean AphidBean Leaf BeetleCyst NematodeSoybean Rust(?),Todd Vagts,Eggs:Small,whitish,clusters that turn purple prior to hatchLarvae:New larvae”long and dark brown,lighten to pale brown as they mature.Full
15、size is 1”Adults:White band along most of the leading edges of forewings,Corn Pests western bean cutworm,Todd Vagts,Injury:Different from other cutworms;ear feeders Economic damage may occur when multiple cutworms feed on an earInjury allows pathogensinto the ear,Corn Pests western bean cutworm,Todd
16、 Vagts,Corn Pests western bean cutworm,Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,Pyrethroids(RUP)Ambush*Asana XL*Capture 2EC Baythroid 2E Mustang Max Pounce 3.2EC*Warrior,Organophosphates(RUP)Lorsban 4E Penncap-MCarbamates Sevin XLR Plus,See“Integrated Crop Management”()or product labels for corre
17、ct application rates.,Insecticides for western bean cutworm,*Mite risk,Todd Vagts,DescriptionHoney-brown leaf beetleFine tan&brown lateral stripes on grooved wing coversLarvae are small,“C”-shaped,grubs,Corn Pests colaspis beetles,Todd Vagts,Corn Pests colaspis beetles,Grubs feed on rootsAbove-groun
18、d symptoms may include stunting,wilting,purpling of the stem and leaves,and tip and leaf-edge browningDamage extent unknown,Todd Vagts,Soybean Aphid,Todd Vagts,Where is it now?Spread of Soybean Aphid in the US,2000-2003,Spread to S&W continuesOutbreaks in 2003 primarily in western half of NC statesT
19、reatment occurred in DE&MD in 2003,Slide from K.Ostlie,Data from R.Venette,unpublished data,Todd Vagts,Soybean aphid,DescriptionVery small,yellow aphid,1/16 inch longDistinct black tailpipe-like structures on end of abdomenWingless and winged formsAppear in colonies of adult females and offspringFem
20、ales give birth to live females,Todd Vagts,(Buckthorn),(Soybean),Todd Vagts,How fast can a soybean aphid reproduce?data generated in the lab by Ragsdale et al.,Univ.of Minnesota,Temp68oF77oF86oF95oF,Lifespan(days)2215123(die),Doublingtime(days)21.52dead,Total#babies7573230,Firstbabies(#days)755-,Chr
21、is DiFonzo,Michigan State University,Todd Vagts,Soybean Aphid Impacts on Yield&Yield Components:5 MN Fields in 2001,Slide from K.Ostlie,University of MN,Todd Vagts,Sooty Mold,Todd Vagts,Natural Enemy“Lag”Time Spray Timing Critical Aphid Resurgence Factor,Bob Ellingson and David Hogg,UW Entomology,To
22、dd Vagts,Product Performance&Canopy Distribution,Volatile distribution through canopy.May“fume”into untreated check strips,Systemic,a.i.activity within plantin addition to contact activity,Cannot work its way through canopy beyond contact activity.Coverage in closed canopy critical for efficacy agai
23、nst aphids at lower and inner locations on plant.,Eileen Cullen UW Extension,Entomology,Todd Vagts,Product Performance&Temperature,Optimal performance at higher temps.(may increase“fuming”action),Also relatively better at higher temp,Exhibits a Negative Temp Relationship:Works better under cool cond
24、itionsbelow 90oF.,Eileen Cullen UW Extension,Entomology,Todd Vagts,Product Performance&Residual,Short residual,measured in days.,Longer residual than organophosphates.Some additional feeding exposure,due to systemic activity,Longest residual,2 weeks or more,Eileen Cullen UW Extension,Entomology,Todd
25、 Vagts,What to look for in 2004,Look to areas of the northMN and Wisconsin Areas with buckthorn and cooler temperaturesWatch the weatherNorth Wind Bring winged aphids inTemperature Favorable environment for survival and reproduction.,Todd Vagts,Aphid Population Development-MN,Todd Vagts,Wind Directi
26、on,Todd Vagts,Temperature,(Ames),Todd Vagts,Iowa Aphid Treatment Yield Response,Todd Vagts,IA Soybean Aphid Treatment Yield Response,Todd Vagts,IA Response by Aphid Count,Todd Vagts,Threshold,250 aphids per plant assumes aphid numbers are on the increase provides a 7-day lead time(call in equipment,
27、deal with weather delays)-use through R4(full-pod stage),Cannot overemphasizeDROUGHT,Chris DiFonzo,Michigan State University,Todd Vagts,How many aphids per plant cause that much yield loss.+a 7-day lead time?,Based on data from University of Minnesota plots in 2003,Price$/bu$5.00$6.00$7.00,#bu2.42.0
28、1.7,Chris DiFonzo,Michigan State University,Todd Vagts,82 Aphids,How Many Aphids?,Todd Vagts,850 Aphids,Todd Vagts,49 Aphids,Todd Vagts,11 Aphids,Todd Vagts,Monitor weather forecast,Cool to mild forecast may enhance aphid reproduction capacityWarming trend may slow or stop aphid reproductionNortherl
29、y fronts may blow aphids in from northPrecipitation may or may not help,Todd Vagts,Yellow or red;with or without four square marks on wing coversAlways with a small,black triangle behind the head Soft and gray when adults first emerge,Bean leaf beetles,Todd Vagts,Key feature:,Small,black triangle be
30、hind head,Soybean Pests bean leaf beetles,Todd Vagts,Timing of Bean Leaf Beetle Generations,0,5,0,1,0,0,1,5,0,2,0,0,2,5,0,3,0,0,3,5,0,5/26,6/2,6/9,6/16,6/23,6/30,7/7,7/14,7/21,7/28,8/4,8/11,8/18,8/25,9/1,9/8,9/15,date,mean bean leaf beetles,Overwintering,1st Generation,2nd Generation,Todd Vagts,Econ
31、omic damage from pod feeding and by transmission of bean pod mottle virus,Soybean Pests bean leaf beetles,L.Sweets,Pod Injury,Foliar symptomsof virus,Todd Vagts,Bean Leaf Beetle Population Trend,bean leaf beetles/50 sweeps,Highest abundance recorded in 14 years!,Todd Vagts,Bean Leaf Beetle Managemen
32、t,Different strategies based on pest complexA)Bean leaf beetle onlyB)Bean leaf beetle+bean pod mottle virus,Todd Vagts,Timing of Bean Leaf Beetle Generations,Todd Vagts,Insecticides for bean leaf beetle management,Pyrethroids(RUP)Ambush 2EC*Asana XL*Mustang Max Pounce 3.2EC*Warrior,Organophosphates
33、Lorsban 4E Penncap-M(RUP)Carbamates Sevin XLR Plus,See“Integrated Crop Management”(),or product labels for correct application rates.,*Mite risk,Todd Vagts,Soybean Cyst Nematode,Todd Vagts,Todd Vagts,Soybean Rust,Todd Vagts,Soybean Rust,Potential Yield LossesIn countries in which soybean rust is an
34、established problem,losses range from 10-80 percent.The severity of losses varies depending on susceptibility of the soybean variety,time of the growing season in which the rust becomes established in the field and weather conditions during the growing season.ManagementCurrent management strategies
35、are through the use of resistant varieties and foliar fungicides applied during the growing season.Two to three fungicide applications may be necessary depending on disease severity.,Todd Vagts,Soybean Rust,HostsSoybean,kudzu,yellow sweet clover,medic,vetch,lupine,green and kidney bean,lime or butte
36、r bean and cowpea or black-eyed pea.SurvivalRust pathogens survive on living plant material.It may be able to survive the winter months on hosts such as kudzu in the southern United States.Soybean rust spores could then be carried north on wind currents and by storms.,Todd Vagts,New Developments,Section 18 approval for Gaucho(insecticide)on soybean seedBean leaf beetleSoybean aphid,
