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1、上海工程技术大学管理学院,第二章 信息技术与信息系统,主要内容,0 复习1 管理系统2 理解管理信息系统3 管理信息系统的分类4 流程、职能、角色,管理信息系统（以下简称MIS）课程是一门综合了管理科学、信息科学、系统科学和计算机科学的课程，依赖于管理科学和计算机科学的发展及其应用而逐渐形成的，系统的观点、数学的方法和计算机应用是其三大要素。,MIS课程定义,Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems,Contemporary Approaches to Information Systems,The study of information
2、systems deals with issues and insights contributed from technical and behavioral disciplines.,4,Why to invest on MIS?,Business firms invest heavily in information systems to achieve six strategic business objectives:Operational excellenceNew products,services,and business modelsCustomer and supplier
3、 intimacyImproved decision makingCompetitive advantageSurvival,The Role of Information Systems in Business Today,Information Technology Capital Investment,Information technology capital investment,defined as hardware,software,and communications equipment,grew from 32 percent to 52 percent of all inv
4、ested capital between 1980 and 2009.,FIGURE 1-1,6,信息与数据,数据是人们用来反映客观世界而记录下来的可以鉴别的物理符号，或者说数据是用各种可以鉴别的物理符号记录下来的客观事实。数据的含义包括两个方面：客观性：客观性是数据对客观事实的描述，它反映了某一客观事实的属性，这种属性是通过属性名和属性值同时来表达的，缺一不可。可鉴别性：是数据对客观事实的记录，这种记录是通过一些特定的符号来表现的。常用的特定符号包括：声、光、电、数字、文字、字母、图形、图表和图像等。,信息与数据（续）,信息是经过加工后的数据，它对接收者有用，对决策或行为有现实或潜在价值。
5、Information:Data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings.信息与数据可看作原材料和成品的关系相对/绝对主观/客观抽象/具体,信息与数据的转化,信息的特征,信息与决策,信息是管理的基础。管理的决策理论学派认为：“管理就是决策”，而决策过程就是收集、处理和使用信息的过程。决策分类,管理系统,管理系统,管理系统为了达到组织的目标，针对管理对象，由具有特定管理职能、相互联系的各种管理机构、管理制度、管理方法和技术等所构成的完整的组织管理体系。管理系统的构成，可以从不同
6、角度分析企业管理系统的功能结构企业管理系统的管理层次,管理系统纵向划分为不同子系统,管理系统的构成：功能结构,上层管理,政策,计划,预算,目标,年收入,成本,利润,调度,度量,产品,服务,性能,中层管理,操作管理,管理系统横向划分为不同层次,管理系统的构成：管理层次,理解管理信息系统,高登戴维斯（）给出了管理信息系统的经典定义：管理信息系统是一个利用计算机软、硬件，手工作业，分析、计划、控制和决策模型以及数据库技术的人-机系统。它能提供信息，支持企业或组织的运行、管理与决策功能。,对MIS定义的理解,MIS由四个部分组成：计算机硬件与软件。手工作业。分析、计划、控制与决策模型。数据库技术。MI
7、S的功能是提供信息：基础信息、管理信息、决策信息等。MIS提供的信息有两个方面的作用：基础信息与管理信息支持企业管理活动与正常运行。它的决策信息能辅助企业进行有效的企业决策。,Information system:Set of interrelated components Collect,process,store,and distribute informationSupport decision making,coordination,and controlInformation vs.dataData are streams of raw factsInformation is dat
8、a shaped into meaningful form,Perspectives on Information Systems,Functions of an Information System,An information system contains information about an organization and its surrounding environment.Three basic activitiesinput,processing,and outputproduce the information organizations need.Feedback i
9、s output returned to appropriate people or activities in the organization to evaluate and refine the input.Environmental actors,such as customers,suppliers,competitors,stockholders,and regulatory agencies,interact with the organization and its information systems.,Figure 1.4,20,Perspectives on Infor
10、mation Systems,Information Systems Are More Than Computers,Using information systems effectively requires an understanding of the organization,management,and information technology shaping the systems.An information system creates value for the firm as an organizational and management solution to ch
11、allenges posed by the environment.,Figure 1.5,21,总体概念图,专,用,数,据,库,公用数据库,模型库应用程序,数据库管理系统,战略决策,管理控制,运行控制,业务处理,用户订货服务,市场预测,生产调度计划,库存资产管理,生产作业计划,工厂监控,采购供应,成本计划,（纵向子系统）,横向子系统,MIS软件结构,MIS功能结构：金字塔结构,MIS功能（用户角度）,高层决策者,中层决策者,知识/数据处理者,基层决策者,市场销售,生产制造,财务管理,行政管理,管理信息系统的分类,管理层次,作业控制各类日常业务处理信息系统、办公自动化系统管理控制完成计划、预算
12、、偏差分析、辅助中层管理决策的信息系统战略规划辅助企业高层领导规划、控制企业的运作的信息系统，如专门的数据挖掘和分析系统,Perspectives on Information Systems,Levels in a Firm,Business organizations are hierarchies consisting of three principal levels:senior management,middle management,and operational management.Information systems serve each of these levels.
13、Scientists and knowledge workers often work with middle management.,28,Transaction processing systemsPerform and record daily routine transactions necessary to conduct businessExamples:sales order entry,payroll,shippingAllow managers to monitor status of operations and relations with external enviro
14、nmentServe operational levelsServe predefined,structured goals and decision making,Types of Information Systems,29,Types of Information Systems,A Payroll TPS,A TPS for payroll processing captures employee payment transaction data(such as a time card).System outputs include online and hard-copy repor
15、ts for management and employee paychecks.,FIGURE 2-2,30,Management information systemsServe middle managementProvide reports on firms current performance,based on data from TPSProvide answers to routine questions with predefined procedure for answering themTypically have little analytic capability,T
16、ypes of Information Systems,31,Types of Information Systems,How Management Information Systems Obtain Their Data from the Organizations TPS,In the system illustrated by this diagram,three TPS supply summarized transaction data to the MIS reporting system at the end of the time period.Managers gain a
17、ccess to the organizational data through the MIS,which provides them with the appropriate reports.,32,Types of Information Systems,Sample MIS Report,This report,showing summarized annual sales data,was produced by the MIS in Figure 2-3.,33,Decision support systemsServe middle managementSupport non-r
18、outine decision makingExample:What is impact on production schedule if December sales doubled?Often use external information as well from TPS and MISModel driven DSSVoyage-estimating systemsData driven DSSIntrawests marketing analysis systems,Types of Information Systems,34,Types of Information Syst
19、ems,Voyage-Estimating Decision Support System,This DSS operates on a powerful PC.It is used daily by managers who must develop bids on shipping contracts.,35,Business intelligenceClass of software applicationsAnalyze current and historical data to find patterns and trends and aid decision-makingUsed
20、 in systems that support middle and senior managementData-driven DSS Executive support systems(ESS),Types of Information Systems,36,Executive support systemsSupport senior managementAddress non-routine decisionsRequiring judgment,evaluation,and insightIncorporate data about external events(e.g.new t
21、ax laws or competitors)as well as summarized information from internal MIS and DSSExample:Digital dashboard with real-time view of firms financial performance:working capital,accounts receivable,accounts payable,cash flow,and inventory,Types of Information Systems,37,Systems from a constituency pers
22、pectiveTransaction processing systems:supporting operational level employeesManagement information systems and decision-support systems:supporting managersExecutive support systems:supporting executives,Types of Information Systems,38,Relationship of systems to one anotherTPS:Major source of data fo
23、r other systemsESS:Recipient of data from lower-level systemsData may be exchanged between systemsIn reality,most businesses systems are only loosely integrated(but they are getting better!),Types of Information Systems,39,管理层次分类小结,Enterprise applicationsSystems for linking the enterpriseSpan functi
24、onal areasExecute business processes across firmInclude all levels of managementFour major applications:Enterprise systemsSupply chain management systemsCustomer relationship management systemsKnowledge management systems,Systems that span the enterprise,41,Systems that span the enterprise,Enterpris
25、e Application Architecture,Enterprise applications automate processes that span multiple business functions and organizational levels and may extend outside the organization.,FIGURE 2-6,42,Enterprise systemsCollects data from different firm functions and stores data in single central data repository
26、Resolves problem of fragmented,redundant data sets and systemsEnable:Coordination of daily activitiesEfficient response to customer orders(production,inventory)Provide valuable information for improving management decision making,Systems that span the enterprise,43,Supply chain management(SCM)system
27、s Manage firms relationships with suppliersShare information aboutOrders,production,inventory levels,delivery of products and servicesGoal:Right amount of products to destination with least amount of time and lowest cost,Types of Information Systems,44,Customer relationship management systems:Provid
28、e information to coordinate all of the business processes that deal with customers in sales,marketing,and service to optimize revenue,customer satisfaction,and customer retentionIntegrate firms customer-related processes and consolidate customer information from multiple communication channels,Syste
29、ms that span the enterprise,45,Knowledge management systems(KMS)Support processes for acquiring,creating,storing,distributing,applying,integrating knowledgeHow to create,produce,distribute products and servicesCollect internal knowledge and experience within firm and make it available to employeesLink to external sources of knowledge,Systems that span the enterprise,46,47,Sample Questions,
