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1、修辞与翻译,英语修辞格,音韵修辞格利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。词义修辞格词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。句式修辞格句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。,音韵修辞格,Onomatopoeia 拟声Alliteration 头韵Assonance 类音,Onomatopoeia,模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.高跟皮鞋声咯噔咯噔地传了过来。,Alliteration,在一个词组或一个诗
2、行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节具有同样的字母或声音。His great gaunt figure filled the cabin door.他高大枯瘦的身影塞满了木板小屋的门。,在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。We are marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture
3、 to the human mind.我们正在大步倒退到光荣的16世纪时代，那时候有偏执狂的人点燃树枝去烧死任何敢于给人类带来智慧、启示和文明的人。,assonance,词义修辞格,Simile明喻Metaphor暗喻Allusion引典 Metonymy借代Synecdoche提喻transferred epithet转喻Personification拟人hyperbole夸张 irony反问,Euphemism委婉语Pun双关Oxymoron矛盾修饰法Zeugma扼式修饰法Contrast对比,simile,用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中。I wand
4、ered lonely as a cloud.我像一朵浮云独自漫游。,metaphor,Experience is the mother of wisdom.,Allusion,Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出圣经故事以及希腊、罗马神话、伊索寓言和那些渊源流长的谚语、格言等。Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。（Achilles是希腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚踵处，他身上其他地方刀枪不入
5、。）,metonymy,不直接说出事物的本来名称，而换用另一个名称或另一个说法。大体上相当于汉语的借代。His joke set the whole table in a roar.他的笑话引起满座哄堂大笑。The world knows his worth.全世界的人都知道他的价值。,synecdoche,Many hands make light work.人多好办事。“.saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,.”他说这是世界上最美的语言。Many eyes turned to a tall,20year bla
6、ck girl on the U.S.team.很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。,transferred epithet,把本来应该用于修饰甲事物的定语移去修饰乙事物。巧妙地运用这种修辞手法能收到出人意料、引人入胜之功效。这种修辞手法能与汉语中的移就基本相似。The indefatigable bell now sounded for the fourth time.那不知疲倦的钟声如今敲第四遍了。He throw a nervous glance at his brother.约翰紧张地朝他兄弟瞥了一眼。Sleepless night,personification,与汉语拟
7、人完全相同，就是赋予物以人的言语属性。这种拟人化的修辞手法读起来使人感到特别形象生动、富有情趣。The thirsty soil drank in the rain.干燥的土壤大口大口地喝着春雨。Winter is almost over and spring is stepping in.冬天差不多过去了，春天的脚步也慢慢地走进了。,hyperbole,与汉语的夸张完全相同，都是为了表达深刻的感受,抒发强烈的感情，通过故意夸大事实来给人留下深刻的印象。I havent seen you for ages.好久不见了。,irony,What a great country this is!-T
8、hey let the paupers go to sleep.这是多么伟大的国家啊！-他们竟允许穷人睡觉。,euphemism,用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话，把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。这在汉语中叫委婉语。Johns wife is a sanitation engineer.约翰的老婆是城市美容师/清洁工。senior citizens old peopleNowadays many weight-watchers would like to go to the gym.如今有不少胖人喜欢到健身房去锻炼.They are the culturally depr
9、ived.他们是没有学识的人.,pun,与汉语双关一样，就是用一个词，一句话，或一个语言片段同时表达双重意思：一个是表面的，一是隐含的，并且以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用这种手法会使语言生动有趣，达到由此及彼的效果。可分为谐音双关和语义双关。The wounded captive,an enemy high-ranking officer,lies before the doctor.受伤的俘虏是敌人的高级军官，他躺在医生面前对医生撒谎。,oxymoron,将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系在一起，以便相互映衬，突出事物的特点，表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。Writing is busy i
10、dleness.写作是忙碌的消遣。Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.与其作愚蠢的智人,不如作聪明的愚人Marching backwardscruel kindness(残酷的温柔)same difference(一样的不同)bitter sweet(苦涩的甜蜜),zeugma,用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练，饶有风趣，与汉语的拈连在性质上完全一致。She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.她对这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门，也打开了自
11、己的心扉。Yesterday he had a blue coat and heart.昨天他身着蓝色上衣，心情忧郁。,When commemorating the great soul,the friends of his went to the graveyard with weeping eyes and hearts.为了纪念这位伟大的人物，他的朋友怀着沉重的心情，哭泣着来到墓地。We ate a bun and a glass of milk.,contrast,和汉语的对照在修辞格上是完全相同的，就是把两个相反的事物或一件事物的正反两方面放在一起，在比较和衬托之中突出不同事物的矛盾
12、性。United we stand,divided we fall.合则存，分则亡。,句式修辞格,Repetition重复Rhetorical question反问Antithesis对偶Parallelism排比Anastrophe倒装Climax递进,Repetition,I have written in bed and written out of it,written day and night.我卧床写，起床写；白天写，晚上也写。,Rhetorical question,采用明知故问、无疑而问或寓答与问的方式来突出某些观点和思想，以便达到加强语气或加深印象的效果。同汉语的“设问”C
13、an a man be too cruel to his mothers enemy?难道一个人采取行动来对付他母亲的仇人，还会嫌自己太残酷了吗？,Antithesis,用平行或者对称的结构来表现两种相反的意思，使二者相互衬托、鲜明突出。The strong economies have to be kept strong and vigorous at the same time as the weak economies are being strengthened.We can all swim well together,but we can also all sink togethe
14、r.在贫弱的经济得到加强的同时，强大的经济也必须保持强大而有活力。我们可能一起顺利地破浪前进，我们也可能一起葬身鱼腹。,Parallelism,同排比He climbed the stairs,took off his clothes,and fell into bed.他爬上楼梯，脱下衣服，便一头倒在床上。,anastrophe,改变正常的主、谓、宾的位置，采用倒装结构，借以承接上文、调和韵律、强调语意或是使语言和谐悦耳。这种修辞手法与汉语的倒装相对应。Up went the balloon into the cloudless sky.气球腾空而起，飘入万里无云的蓝天。,climax,把一
15、系列的词、短语或者分句按照其表达的思想内容的重要性，由弱到强、由轻到重依次排列，最后达到顶点。这种修辞手法与汉语的“层递”完全相同。Since concord was lost,friendship was lost;loyalty was lost;liberty was lost-all was lost.既然失去了和睦，也就失去了友谊，失去了忠诚，失去了自由-失去了一切。,修辞的翻译,修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要。直译加注释义归化切分数种译法并用 无修辞的句子翻译出修辞格,直译,The book set off a firestorm of reaction.Metaphor这本书
16、引起风暴般的反应。,Every man has in himself a continent of undiscovered character.Happy is he who acts the Columbus to his own soul.Metaphor每个人的内心都有一块未发现的个性大陆。谁能做自己灵魂的哥伦布，谁就会幸福。,There are a lot of good heads in the university.synecdoche这所大学有许多优秀的头脑。,He blushed to the roots of his hair.Hyperbole他的脸红到了发根。,I mu
17、st write one line out of my dreary bed I am not going to talk of my suffering-it would be useless and painful.Transferred epithet我必须从忧郁的床上爬起来写几个字我不想谈我的苦痛-谈了也无用，且令人痛心。,On the 14th of March,at a quarter to three in the afternoon,the greatest living thinker ceased to think.Euphemism3月14日下午两点三刻，当代最伟大的思想
18、家停止思想了。,The world is in orderly chaos.Oxymoron世界处于有序的混乱中。,I used to organize my fathers tools,my others kitchen utensils,my sisters boyfriends.Zeugma我过去常常整理父亲的工具，收拾母亲的厨房用具，排列姐姐的男朋友们。,加注,He combine in his temperament the restlessness of a Hotspur with the patience of a Fabius.allusion他的性格既有霍特斯伯那样的急躁，
19、又有费边那样的耐心。（注：霍特斯伯是莎剧亨利四世中的一个人物的绰号，此人是急性子；费边是罗马名将，曾以拖延战术击败汉尼拔）,They did not reopen the Pandoras Box they had peeked into in 1972.allusion他们在1972年曾挖掘过这些丑事，如今却不再打开这个潘多拉的盒子。（注：潘多拉的盒子源自希腊神话故事，里面藏着许多能给人带来不幸的东西）,Why are parliamentary reports called“Blue Books”?Because they are never red.pun为什么议会报告称为“蓝皮书”？因
20、为他们永远不是红色的。（注：red 和read 谐音，实际上是指“从来没有人读它们”）,He is another shylock.allusion他又是一个夏洛克。（注：夏洛克是莎士比亚的威尼斯商人中的一个非常刻薄吝啬的商人）,释义,有的英语修辞手法由于其比喻形象很难在汉语中表现出来，如强行保留就会破坏意义的传达，这是我们就有必要采取释义的方法，只把原修辞格的意思表达出来即可。,Our friend Bob is as rich as Croesus,but dependent upon his father.Simile富得像科里瑟斯，Croesus是公元6世纪小亚细亚吕底亚国王，十分富有
21、我们的朋友鲍勃非常富有，但是他是靠他父亲才富有的。,as drunk as a fiddler 酩町大醉 在英格兰早期文化生活中，民间小提琴手在公共场合为舞蹈伴奏，人们往往以酒酬谢，小提琴手因此每每喝得大醉。,The ham sandwich is waiting for his check.Metonymy那位买火腿三明治的顾客正在等候结账。,They prolonged the clasp for the photographers,exchanging smiling words.Transferred epithet他们延长握手的时间，让摄影师照相，同时微笑着交谈。,You want
22、your pound of flesh,dont you?Allusion你要逼债，是吗？,I spoke to them in hesitant English.Transferred epithet我结结巴巴用英语对他们说。,归化,有些英语的修辞格译成汉语时，可以换用符合汉语习惯的其他修辞格或是改变原文中的比喻形象，使译文在思想上忠实于原作，风格和神韵上尽量求得与原文想接近的效果。,Sometimes a person who represents himself as kind and gentle can in private turn to be a dragon,who breat
23、hes fire.metaphor有时，某人在公开场合，显得和蔼可亲，温文尔雅，而在私下里却像个凶神恶煞。,And I suppose shell tell all the boys,the old cat.metaphor我猜想她会告诉所有的男人，这个长舌的老太婆！,Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.昨晚我听到他鼾声如雷。,He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him“magpie”.他很爱唠叨，同伴们给他起了个绰号，叫“麻雀”。,Up and down h
24、e walked,up and down across the library floor.anastrophe他在书房里走过来又走过去，走过来又走过去。,It is regrettable that our appeal remained a dead letter.遗憾的是，我们当时的呼吁石沉大海。,Mrs.Blare has a heart as hard as flint.simile布莱尔夫人一副铁石心肠。,Mr.President,my delegation is confident that your management of our affairs will be princ
25、ipled and practical,expeditious but not expedient.alliteration主席先生，我国代表团身心你对我们事物的处理既会符合原则又会实事求是，既雷厉风行而又不图权宜之便。,切分,She lost her heart and necklace at a ball.Zeugma在一次舞会上，她倾心爱上了一个人，但却丢失了她的项链。,I deserve neither such praise nor such censure.contrast这样的夸奖我担当不起，这样的责备我也担待不起。,He was restlessly tired,even as
26、 he lay in bed.oxymoron他累了，然而一点也不安宁，即使躺在床上也还是这样。,Franklin Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention.Transferred epithet罗斯福目光炯炯，面带微笑，聚精会神地听着。,数种译法并用,When I and my sorrows are dust.Zeugma当我的尸骨化为尘土，我的哀愁化作清风。(切分+归化),From their slopes flow streams feeding the oases strung along the rim of inl
27、and deserts.Alliteration+assonance条条溪水，潺潺而下，滋润着镶嵌于内陆沙漠边缘的片片绿洲。归化+分译,无修辞的句子翻译出修辞格,He dragged on his second shoe.He was shivering violently and his jaw shook as he spoke.他穿上另一只鞋，浑身像筛糠似的哆嗦，说话时上下牙齿在打战。,The kid was scared speechless by the thunder.那个孩子被雷声吓得呆若木鸡。,“Ive heard of Capt.Ned Blakely,and one of us is a better man than together-Ill know which,before I go ashore.”“我听说了内德.布雷克里船长。一山不容二虎，上岸之前，我要和你较量，见个分晓。”,He determined to satisfy himself of the real state of the case.他决心把事情弄个水落石出。,
