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1、Exercise 2-2,Chapter Two,I.Choose the best answer to each question,1.Pitch variation is known as _ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonation B.tone C.pronunciation D.voice 2.Conventionally a _ is put in slashes(/).A.allophone B.phone C.phoneme D.morphemeAn aspirated p,an unaspirated p
2、and an unreleased p are _ of the p phoneme.A.analogues B.tagmemes C.morphemes D.allophones4.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?_ A.n B.m C.b D.p,A,C,D,A,5.A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _.A.minimal pairs B.allomorphs C.phones D.allophones6.Which
3、 vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A.i:B.u C.e D.i 7.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A.Voiceless B.Voiced C.Glottal stop D.Consonant,D,Decide whether the following statements are true or false.Write“T”for true,“F”for fals
4、e.,1.The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.(T)2.Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast,namely,the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word,
5、but merely a different pronunciation.(T)3.p is a voiced bilabial stop.(F)4.In most cases,the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.(F),Fill in the blanks,Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air
6、 is pushed out between them,causing _friction _.2.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the tongue and the lips.3.In English there are a number of diphthong,which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.4.Consonant sounds can be either vo
7、iceless or voiced,while all vowel sounds are voiced.5._Pitch_ variations which can distinguish meanings like phonemes.,.根据下列语音描述给出国际音标符号,不带声唇齿擦音 v 带声齿龈后擦音硬腭通音不带声声门擦音 h不带声齿龈塞音 d中高前展唇元音 i:高央圆唇元音低前圆唇元音,.根据国际音标做出语音描述,1.t voiceless alveolar stop2.d voiced alveolar stop 3.m bilabial nasal 4.i:high front t
8、ense unrounded vowel 5.u high back lax rounded vowel 6.a low back tense unrounded vowel,Answers for Unit 2,IV.Define the terms below1 free variation:Free variants indicates that the same word pronounced in two different ways,the pronunciation may be audible or not with the diacritic in IPA symbols.S
9、uch a phenomenon is called FREE VARIATION.,2 allophone:The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.International phonetic alphabet:omitintonation:When pitch,stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather tha
10、n the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation.Omit,phonemic contrast:Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning,they are in phonemic contrast.7.minimal pair:When two different forms are i
11、dentical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings,the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8.rounded vowel:one of the criteria used in the classification of vowels is the shape of the lips.If a vowel is pronounced with the lips rounded,then the vow
12、el in question is a rounded vowel.,V.Answer questions,1.what is stress in a word?For words of more than one syllable,how are they pronounced?Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable,for words of more than one syllable,one is more stressed than the other.the more stressed syl
13、lable is the primary wile the less stressed syllable is known as the secondary stress,2.What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of a general nature;it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages:how th
14、ey are produced,how they differ from each other,what phonetic features they possess,how they can be classified.Phonology,on the other hand,is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language;it aims to discover how speech sounds in language form patterns and how these sounds are used to c
15、onvey meaning in linguistic communication.,3.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1)The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning,such as import and import.The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of th
16、e same elements.A phonological feature of the English compounds,is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress,for example:blackbird is a particular kind of bird,which is not necessarily black,but a black bird is a bird that is black
17、.,2)The more important words such as nouns,verbs adjectives,adverbs,etc are pronounced With greater force and made more prominent.But to give special emphasis to a certain notion,a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect.Take the sentence“He is driving
18、 my car.”for example.To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his,or yours,but mine,the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my,which under normal circumstances is not stressed.,3)English has four basic types of intonation,known as the four tones:When spoken in different tones,th
19、e same sequence of words may have different meanings.Generally speaking,the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward,matter-of-fact statement,the rising tone often makes a question of what is said,and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what i
20、s said.,4.What does speech sounds for human being?Human being are capable of making all kinds of sounds,but only some of there sounds have become units in the language system,there units are called speech sounds for human being.5.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme,or not?A bas
21、ic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for other results in a change of meaning.If it does,the two sounds then represent different phonemes.,6.(1)What distinctive feature makes/f/and/v/different?voiced(2)Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a)/F/fricative+voiceless+palatal(b)/k/velar+voiceless+plosive(c)/n/nasal+voiced+alveolar,
