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1、Professional English for,Educational Technology,Basic Principles of ID,身份的基本原则,许多现行的教学模型建议最有效的学习环境是那些正在学习、参与学生学习的四个不同阶段:,Manycurrentinstructionalmodelssuggestthatthemosteffectivelearningenvironmentsarethosethatareproblem-basedandinvolvethestudentsinfourdistinctphasesoflearning:,(1)activationofpriore
2、xperience;(2)demonstrationofskills;(3)applicationofskills;(4)integrationoftheseskillsintorealworldactivities.Figure9.2.1illustratestheseficeideas.Muchinstructionalpracticeconcentratesprimarilyonphase2andignorestheotherphaseinthiscycleoflearning.,(1)激活的经验;,(2)演示技巧;,(3)应用的能力;,（4）整合这些技能,成为真正的世界活动。图9.2.
3、1说明了这些想法，教学实践主要集中在第二阶段二忽略了其他方面在学习的循环。,Atthetoplevel,theinstructionaldesignprescriptionsbaseonfirstprinciplesareasfollows:,(1)Learningisfacilitatedwhenlearnersareengagedinsolvingreal-worldproblems.,(2)Learningisfacilitatedwhenexistingknowledgeisactivatedasafoundationfornewknowledge.,(3)Learningisfaci
4、litatedwhennewknowledgeisdemonstratedtothelearner.,(4)Learningisfacilitatedwhennewknowledgeisappliedbythelearner.,(5)Learningisfacilitatedwhennewknowledgeisintegratedintothelearnersworld.,在最高层里，教学设计处方基于第一原则如下：,（1）学习有时候是促进学习者从事解决现实世界的问题,（2）当已有的知识作为新知识时学习相当方便,（3）学习新知识时，简化了学习者,（4）学习新知识是为了运用,（5）学习新知识是方便学习者融入世界,谢 谢,
