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1、Blood,Lymph and Immune Systems,Chapter 10,Blood,hem/o and hemat/oplasma-55%formed elements-45%serum-plasma without clotting proteins,Blood Cells,RBC-erythrocytes-erythropoiesisWBC-leukocytes-leukopoiesisPlatelets-thrombocytes-thrombopoiesis,Erythrocytes,erythr/o-redcyte-cellHemoglobin-blood protein
2、transports oxygenReticulocyte-immature erythrocyte RBCs produced by red bone marrow,Leukocytes,leuk/o-whiteProtect the body against invasionPass through capillary walls,Granulocytesneutrophils(phagocytosis)eosinophils(allergies)basophils(promote inflammation)Agranulocyteslymphocytes(production of ci
3、rculating antibodies)monocytes(macrophages)Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus,abscess.,Thrombocytes,smallest formed elementmade in bone marrowessential to blood coagulationIf injury,blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels,platelets st
4、ick together,form plug,seals wound.Chemicals released,series of reactions,formation of clot.,Plasma,plasma92%water8%plasma proteinsalbuminglobulinfibrinogenserum-plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen,Functions of the Immune System,To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substan
5、cespathogenic microorganismsallergenstoxinsmalignant cells,Structures of the Immune System,Unlike other body systems,Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vesselsAction depends on structures from lymphatic,cardiovascular,and Integumentary systemsWorks primarily through anti
6、gen-antibody reaction,Lymphatic System,Major structureslymph vesselslymph nodeslymph fluidtonsilsAlsospleenthymus,Functions of the Lymph System,lymph/odrain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the bloodtransport materials(nutrients,hormones and oxygen)to body cellscarry away waste products
7、to the blood transport lipids away from digestive systemcontrol of infection,Lymph System,Lymph originates in blood plasmaInterstitial fluidcleans and nourishes body tissuescollects cellular debris,bacteriareturn to blood or lymph capillaries,Lymph Nodes,located in lymph vesselssmall round or oval s
8、tructures(filters)depositories for cellular debrisbacteria and debris phagocytized,Lymph Nodes,inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs(lymphocytes)almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process,Spleen,sac-like mass
9、of lymphatic tissuefilter for lymphphagocytic cellshemolytic,Thymus,lymphatic tissuemediastinumprimary role:changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity,Tonsils,masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid,not lymphlocated beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outsid
10、e and hence to contaminationany or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominanceshould not be removed unless absolutely necessary.,Antigen-Antibody Reactions,Antigen-any substance that the body regards as foreign(virus,bacterium,toxin)Antibody-a disease fighting protein de
11、veloped by the body in response to the presence of an antigenAntigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction,WBCs for Immune Reactions,monocytes-type of lymphocytes formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by bodybecome macrophagesmacrophage-phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invadin
12、g cellslymphocytes-major class of WBCsformed in lymphatic tissue,Lymphocytes,T cells or T Lymphocytesmature in thymus glandCell mediated immunityB cells or B Lymphocytesmature in bone marrowantibody-mediated immunity,T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell Mediated Immunity),T Cell(cell mediated immunity)circul
13、ating lymphocytesproduced in bone marrowmatures in thymuslive for yearsprimary function:coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms,Lymphocyte:T Cells,helper T cells-essential to proper functioning of immune systemMemory cells-remember antigens and stimulate a faster response if same antigen intro
14、duced at a later time,Blood Groups,Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens(agglutinogens)on surface of RBCsA-A antigenB-B antigenAB-both AB antigensO-no AB antigens,Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigenAntigens on the donors RBCs react with the antibodies
15、in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.,Rh Factor,Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85%of pop.of US.Rh positive and Rh negativeRh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.hemolytic disease of the newbornprevented with RhoGAM,Immunity,Imm
16、unity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific diseaseAcquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life,Factors That Influence Immune System,HealthAgeHeredity,Anemias,Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reducedsymptom of diseaseerythropeniahypochr
17、omasiahematocrit,Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS),Caused by HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 yearsAIDS name applied during advanced stages of diseaseAfter immune system destroyed,opportunistic infections occur.,Autoimmune D
18、isorders,Antigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells.Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues.Multisystemic involvement.Myasthenia gravis,rheumatoid arthritis,Edema,Hypoproteinemialowers osmotic pressure withi
19、n bloodlarge amounts of plasma pass out of bloodpoor lymph drainageincreased capillary permeabilitycongestive heart failurelocalized edema,ascites,Hemophilia,Hereditary blood clotting disordersex-linked,usually in menlack factor VIII,essential for blood clottinghematomashemarthrosis,Infectious Monon
20、ucleosis,Acute infection caused by virus.Fever,sore throat,swollen lymph glands,atypical lymphocytes,splenomegaly,hepatomegaly,abnormal liver function,and bruising.transmitted by droplet infectionInfection confers permanent immunityTreatment symptomatic,Oncology,the study of tumors,Metastasis,Metast
21、asizeCarcinomaMalignant MelanomaAdenocarcinomaSarcoma(arises from bone,fat,muscle,etc.)OsteocarcomaOsteosarcomaMyosarcomaMyeloma,Leukemia,Major oncological disorder of blood-forming organsmalignant cells replace health bone marrow cellsacute myelogenous leukemiaacute lymphocytic leukemia,Hodgkins Di
22、sease,Malignant disorderPainless,progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes;splenomegalyAnorexia,weight loss,pruritus,anemia,leukocytosis,Kaposis Sarcoma,Malignancy associated with AIDSlesions emerge as purplish-brown macules and develop into plaques and nodules,
