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1、语法专题非谓语动词,非谓语动词分为三类：不定式、动名词和分词。其特点是：1不定式、动名词和分词可以作很多句子成分，但就是不能单独作谓语，这也是它们被称为“非谓语动词”的原因。2它们具有各种形态：原形、主动语态、被动语态、进行时态和完成时态。,3不定式和动名词可以作主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。,一、动词不定式不定式由“to动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to动词原形”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语
2、和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for名词/代词”构成。,不定式的具体用法现归纳如下：1不定式短语作主语，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。2不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it充当形式宾语。We find it interesting to work with him.(it作形式宾语，不定式作真正宾语),3不定式作宾语补足语注意：(1)在feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to，但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时
3、，就必须带to。(2)不定式在介词but,except,besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。Little girls could do nothing but cry.(Little girls had no choice but to cry.),4不定式作定语注意：(1)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。Please give me a knife to cut with.但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way，不定
4、式后面的介词习惯上要省去。如：He had no money and no place to live.,(2)当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可以用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：,5不定式作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。6两个不定式连用时，常用一个to，其余则省去。注意：如果是比较结构，不要省去to。Its better to give a hand than to stand by and laugh.7it作形式主语的两种句型在作用上的区别：,当表语形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的特征属性时，要用of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主
5、语。常用在第二个句型中的形容词有：good,nice,kind,wise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,right,wrong,rude,impolite,careless等，此句型可转换成一个不定式作状语的句子。,二、动名词动名词既有动词特征，又有形容词、副词、名词的作用。动名词的主要用法如下：1动名词作主语注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语。动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性动作，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火)To play with fire might be dangerous
6、.(指一具体动作),2动名词作表语3动名词作宾语注意：(1)appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,feel like,finish,forgive,give up,imagine,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist,risk,suggest,cant help,cant stand(无法忍受)等动词或词组后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式。,(2)allow,advise,forbid,permit等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时，要用动名词形式，如
7、果后面有名词或代词作宾语，然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时，其宾语补足语用带to的不定式。(3)forget,go on,like,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。I remember doing the exercise.我记得做过这个练习。I must remember to do it.我必须记着做这事。I tried not to go there.我尽量不去那里。I tried doing it again.我试着又做了一次。,(4)在短语devote to,look forward to,stick to,be u
8、sed to,object to,thank you for,excuse me for,be(kept)busy,be worth,have difficulty/trouble/problem(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),theres no use/good,get down to等后面的动词也应用动名词形式。如：I look forward to hearing from you soon.(5)在love,hate,prefer等动词后用动名词或不定式区别不大。但说话人有所指的时候，通常用不定式。(6)在should(would)li
9、ke/love等后须用不定式。,(7)start,begin,continue在书面语中后面多接动名词，在口语中后面多接不定式。(8)动词need,require,want作“需要”解，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必用动名词或不定式的被动式。这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。如：The window needs(requires,wants)cleaning(to be cleaned),4动名词作定语5动名词在复合结构中的应用在动名词前加物主代词或名词的所有格便构成动名词复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词的所有格为动名词的逻辑主语，这种结构可以在句中作主语、宾语或表语。如：Your coming w
10、ill be of great help.你来就是极大的帮助。(your coming在句中作主语),三、分词分词在句中的作用相当于形容词和副词，能充当形容词常作的定语、补语和表语成分以及副词所起的状语作用。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种形式，有不同的时态和语态，以及非独立结构和独立结构等不同形式。1现在分词与过去分词的区别(1)语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。(2)时间关系不同：现在分词表示的动作一般是正在进行的动作，而过去分词所表示的往往是已经完成的动作。,2分词的逻辑主语判断在句中用现在分词还是过去分词，用什么样的时态和语态都和分词的逻辑主语有着重要关系。因
11、此，在不同的成分中，抓住分词的逻辑主语很重要。分词作定语，其逻辑主语是其所修饰的先行词分词作表语，其逻辑主语是句中的主语分词作宾补，其逻辑主语是前面的宾语分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句中的主语,3分词在句子中的作用(1)分词作定语：相当于被省略的定语从句，其和先行词(即分词的逻辑主语)是主动关系时用现在分词，被动关系则用过去分词。如：Our teacher told us the exciting news.注意：单个分词作定语时放在所修饰的名词之前，分词词组(或短语)作定语时一般则放在所修饰的名词之后。如：The man talking to my teacher is my uncle.,(2
12、)分词作表语：表示主语的性质、特征和状态。主语是人时，表语常用过去分词，表示主语的心理感受、意义或状态情况。主语是物时，表语多用现在分词，表明主语的性质、特征、意义。而主语是物时，若表状态仍用过去分词。如：The film is very moving.(性质特征)She seemed satisfied.(心理感受),(3)分词作补足语。如：Mother found the cup broken by my brother.(宾语补足语)I saw them dancing in that room.(宾语补足语)She was found lost in the forest.(主语补足语
13、)注意：英语中可以带过去分词的动词有：(1)see,hear,watch,feel,think等表示感觉和心理状况的动词。如：Ive never heard this song sung in Chinese.(2)make,have,get等表示使役的动词。如：He made it known to everybody that he would go abroad.,(3)like,wish,want,order等表示希望、要求等意义的动词。如：I dont like eggs boiled hard.(4)分词作状语分词作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步状语时常位于句首，而伴随状语则居后
14、，分别等于被省略的状语从句或并列谓语结构。作状语在句首时，有时可以和when,unless,once,while,if,though等连词连用。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语常和句子主语一致，可根据主动、被动关系以及其时态意义，选择现在分词、过去分词的其他形式。,1.(2009江西)_ the right kind of training,these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.A.Giving B.Having givenC.To give D.Given2(2009四川)_ many times
15、,he finally understood it.A.Told B.TellingC.Having told D.Having been told,3(2009江苏)Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as shortterm teachers,almost three times the number hired last year,_ reduce unemployment pressures.A.help B.to have helpedC.to help D.havi
16、ng helped4(2009辽宁)_，you need to give all you have and try your best.A.Being a winner B.To be a winnerC.Be a winner D.Having been a winner,5(2009辽宁)When we visited my old family home,memory came _ back.A.flooding B.to floodC.flood D.flooded6(2009天津)_ by the advances in technology,many farmers have se
17、t up wind farms on their land.A.Being encouraged B.EncouragingC.Encouraged D.Having encouraged,7(2009天津)_ the project in time,the staff were working at weekends.A.Completing B.Having completedC.To have completed D.To complete8(2009福建)In April,2009,President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao,_ the
18、 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.A.marking B.markedC.having marked D.being marked,9(2009福建)_ not to miss the flight at 15：20,the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.A.Reminding B.RemindedC.To remind D.Having reminded10(2009重庆)Michaels new house is like a huge palace,_ with hi
19、s old one.A.comparing B.comparesC.to compare D.compared,11(2009湖南)At the age of 29,Dave was a worker,_ in a small apartment near Boston and _ what to do about his future.A.living;wondering B.lived;wonderingC.lived;wondered D.living;wondered12(2009北京)_ twice,the postman refused to deliver our letters
20、 unless we chained our dog.A.Being bitten B.BittenC.Having bitten D.To be bitten,13(2009北京)All of them try to use the power of the workstation _ information in a more effective way.A.presenting B.presentedC.being presented D.to present14(2009全国)The children all turned _ the famous actress as she ent
21、ered the classroom.A.looked at B.to look atC.to looking at D.look at,15(2009四川)Ladies and gentlemen,please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop.A.seated B.seatingC.to seat D.seat16(2009浙江)There is a great deal of evidence _ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.A.
22、indicate B.indicatingC.to indicate D.to be indicating,17(2009全国)They use computers to keep the traffic _ smoothly.A.being run B.runC.to run D.running18(2009江西)The government plans to bring in new laws _ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.A.forced B.forcingC.to be
23、 forced D.having forced,19(2009安徽)The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A.produced B.being producedC.to be produced D.having been produced20(2009山东)We are invited to a party _ in our club next Friday.A.to be held B.heldC.being held D.holding,21(2009重庆)With the world changing
24、 fast,we have something new _ with all by ourselves every day.A.deal B.dealtC.to deal D.dealing22(2009北京)For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _ on his own farm.A.grown B.being grownC.to be grown D.to grow,23(2009全国)Now that weve discussed our problem,are people happy with the decision
25、s _？A.taking B.takeC.taken D.to take24(2009四川)He told us whether _ a picnic was still under discussion.A.to have B.havingC.have D.had,25(2009陕西)I still remember _ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.A.to take B.to be takenC.taking D.being taken26(2009湖南)Nowadays people sometimes separate their
26、waste to make it easier for it _.A.reusing B.reusedC.reuses D.to be reused,27(2009金丽衢十二校联考)_ by his grandparents in the countryside,he isnt accustomed to _ in the city.A.Having brought up;liveB.Grown up;livingC.Growing up;liveD.Brought up;living28(2009龙岩毕业班质检)Realizing I would be late,I quickly dres
27、sed my son and,_ my bag,went to work.A.carried B.having carriedC.to carry D.carrying,29(2009龙岩毕业班质检)Facing the global financial crisis,the Chinese government has taken many measures _ peoples life to deal with it.A.related B.related toC.relating D.relating to30(2009龙岩毕业班质检)How are you getting on wit
28、h your English?Oh,great.Things are going as well as _.A.plans B.planningC.planned D.to plan,31(2009江南十校测试)_ around the Water Cube and the Birds Nest,the tourists from Taiwan and I wished there _ a joint team for the London Olympics.A.Having shown;to beB.To be shown;isC.To show;wereD.Having been show
29、n;to be32(2009泉州毕业班质检)I really like this song as it is often heard _ everywhere in China.A.singing B.sungC.having sung D.to sing,33(2009苏、锡、常、镇四市教学调查)Carbon dioxide _ from burning fuels is the most common of the socalled greenhouse gases.A.producing B.having been producedC.to be produced D.produced3
30、4(2009潍坊教学检测)May I have some more coffee,please?Im sorry,but there doesnt seem to be _.A.left any B.any leftC.leaving any D.any leaving,35(2009南京调研)What has made him upset recently?_ alone to face a troublesome milk case.A.Left B.Being leftC.Having left D.To leave36(2009南京调研)_ the working efficiency
31、,the boss allows the employees to have a coffee break.A.Improving B.To improveC.Having improved D.Improved,37(2009石家庄毕业班教学质检)The teacher called Tom to his office because he was caught _ in the exam.A.to cheat B.cheatingC.cheated D.cheat38(2009湖南十校联考)I cant see my old grandparents _ alone in the coun
32、try,so Ill have them _ with me in the city at present.A.leave;stay B.left;stayC.leaving;to stay D.left;to stay,39(2009湖南十校联考)Having got up late this morning,Mike ran as fast as he could _ to catch the bus.A.hope B.to hopeC.hoped D.hoping40(2010湖南浏阳一中期末)Please make my excuse at tomorrows meetingIve g
33、ot too much work _.A.to do to come B.doing comingC.to do coming D.doing to come,答案1D。考查非谓语动词。句意：倘若训练得当，这些青少年足球运动员也许有一天可以成为国际明星。前半句是过去分词短语作状语，players与give之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。2D。考查现在分词作状语。由语意可知，tell这一动作发生在understand之前，且与主语he之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，故选D。3C。考查非谓语动词。从句意可知我国的党校预期要雇用50,000名大学毕业生的目的是缓解就业压力。动词不定式短语to help.在句中充当
34、目的状语。,4B。考查非谓语动词。B项的不定式表示目的，即要想成为赢家，你必须竭尽全力。其他选项不符合语境。5A。考查非谓语动词。现在分词作方式状语。6C。考查非谓语动词。所填写的动词与主语farmers之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故排除B、D两项；而该动词并非表示一个正在进行的动作，故排除A。7D。考查非谓语动词。由后半句“全体工作人员周末都在工作”可知，前半句表示“为了及时完成那个项目”，故用动词不定式作目的状语。,8A。考查非谓语动词。根据句子结构可知，mark这一动作在此处作状语，其逻辑主语是前面整个句子，前后为主谓关系，相当于“which marked”。再者，mark这一动作显然不是
35、发生在inspect之前的，所以需用marking，而不能用having marked。9B。考查非谓语动词。remind与句子的主语之间存在着动宾关系，即句子的主语是remind的宾语，所以需用被动形式，是remind sb.to do sth.结构的变形。D选项是主动形式，应该为Having been reminded。,10D。考查非谓语动词。compare的逻辑主语是句子的主语Michaels new house，且二者之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以应该用过去分词作状语。11A。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空白处在句子中作状语，同时，根据and连接的动词跟其逻辑主语的关系可知，应该
36、用动词的ing形式。12B。考查非谓语动词。句意：由于被咬了两次，邮递员拒绝给我们送信，除非我们把狗拴起来。前半句是过去分词短语作状语，the postman与bite之间是动宾关系。假如选择C项，中间要加上been。,13D。考查句子结构。句意：他们都努力使用工作站的力量以便用一种更有效的方式提供情报。to present information in a more effective way是不定式短语作目的状语。14B。考查非谓语动词。句意：当那个著名的女演员进教室时，孩子们都转身去看她。动词不定式作状语表示目的。15A。考查过去分词。remain seated“坐好，坐着不动”；sea
37、ted既是过去分词，又具有形容词的特征，在句中作表语。再如：Please remain seated and keep your seat belts fastened.请坐稳并系好安全带。,16B。考查非谓语动词。逻辑主语a great deal of evidence与indicate之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，应该用indicate的现在分词形式indicating，此处相当于定语从句“.a great deal of evidence which indicates that.”，故选B项。17D。考查非谓语动词。keep sth.doing表示“使某动作持续发生”。18B。考查非谓语动词
38、。句意：政府计划制定新的法律，迫使父母对孩子的教育承担更多的责任。forcing parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰laws。,19C。考查非谓语动词。根据句中时间状语next month，可知这里表示将要发生的动作，所以用不定式，动词produce与主语the play之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用不定式的被动形式。20A。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语动词短语作定语，修饰party,hold与party之间为被动关系，且依据next F
39、riday可知应选择不定式来表示将来，故答案为A。21C。考查非谓语动词。不定式在这里作后置定语，修饰something，表示要做的事情。其他选项不合题意。,22A。考查非谓语动词。句意：他早餐只喝由自家农场种植的新鲜水果制成的果汁。grown on his own farm是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰fruit，表示被动和完成。B项表示“正在被种植”，C项表示“将要被种植”，都不符合语意。23C。考查非谓语动词的形式。句意：既然我们已经讨论了我们的问题，那么人们对于做出的决定满意吗？因表示被动的含义，空白处应用过去分词作后置定语。,24A。考查“疑问词/连词不定式”结构。该结构由疑问代词(
40、what,who,whom,which)/疑问副词(when,where,why)/连接词(whether)后面接带to的动词不定式构成，起名词的作用，在句中可以作主语、表语、动词(或介词)的宾语等。本题中该结构作主语。25D。考查非谓语动词。remember to do sth.“记得要做某事(该事情未发生)”；remember doing sth.“记得做过某事(该事情已经发生)”。根据后文的“what I saw there”可知这里说的是记得已经发生的事情；再者take的宾语就是句子的主语，二者间是动宾关系，用被动形式，所以选being taken。,26D。根据句意可知，for并不是
41、连接原因，而是make it easier的目的，其中it为形式宾语，动词不定式是真正的宾语。故答案选D。27D。考查非谓语动词。句意：因为他是被祖父母在乡下抚养长大，所以不习惯城市的生活。bring up与he是动宾关系，故此处用过去分词表示。be accustomed to“习惯于”，to是介词，后面要用动名词、名词或代词。28D。考查非谓语动词。根据句式结构可知，and连接的是两个并列的谓语动词dressed和went，而carrying my bag在句中作状语。,29B。考查非谓语动词的用法。related to peoples life是过去分词短语作定语，修饰名词measures
42、，相当于定语从句：that are related to peoples life。30C。考查非谓语动词。as well as planned意思是“如计划的那样”，相当于as well as they are planned。31D。考查非谓语动词。从句意可以看出，句子的逻辑主语是the tourists from Taiwan and I，与show之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，同时动作发生在谓语动词wish之前，所以第一空用having been shown，而第二空是there be的变体结构形式。,32B。as引导的原因状语从句的主语为it，即歌曲，与sing构成被动关系，即“歌被唱”
43、，故应用过去分词。33D。考查非谓语动词。因为carbon dioxide和produce之间是动宾关系，所以用过去分词表示被动。34B。该题考查非谓语动词。left是过去分词作后置定语修饰any。35B。考查非谓语动词。这句话是一个省略句，答语部分其实是句子的主语，这句话完整的形式是：Being left alone to face a troublesome milk case has made him upset recently.,36B。考查非谓语动词的用法。根据题意可知，这里应用动词不定式表示目的。句意：为了提高工作效率，老板允许职工喝杯咖啡休息一下。37B。考查非谓语动词。cat
44、ch somebody doing something意为“逮住/发现某人做某事”。句意：老师让汤姆到他办公室，因为汤姆在考试中被发现作弊。为了增加试题的难度，题干采用了被动结构sb.be caught doing something。38B。考查非谓语动词。第一空为过去分词作补语；第二空构成have sb.do sth.结构，表“让某人做某事”，该处have是使役动词。故答案为B。,39D。考查非谓语动词。该处要用现在分词作伴随状语，to catch the bus才是真正的目的状语。hoping这个动作在此与ran同时发生，表伴随。40A。考查非谓语动词。have got相当于have，表“有”，have sth.to do表“有某事要做”，其后用to come，与前面的too much work构成too.to结构，表“太而不能”。,
