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1、)2024THESTATEOFU.S.SCIENCE&ENGINEERINGScience&EngineeringIndicatorsNATIONA1.SCIENCEBOARDNationalScienceBoardDanielReed,NationalScienceBoardChairPresidentialProfessorofComputationalScienceandProfessorofComputerScienceandElectricalandComputerEngineeringUniversityofUtahVictorR.McCrary,NationalScienceBo
2、ardViceChairVicePresidentforResearchandGraduateProgramsandProfessorofChemistryUniversityoftheDistrictofColumbiaSudarsanamSureshBabuGovernorsChairofAdvancedManufacturingandProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringandMaterialsScienceOakRidgeNational1.aboratoryandUniversityofTennessee,KnoxvilleDeborah1.oewenber
3、gBallWilliamH.PayneCollegiateProfessorofEducationUniversityofMichiganRogerN.BeachyProfessorEmeritusofBiologyWashingtonUniversityinSt.1.ouisVickiChandlerProvostMinervaUniversityMaureen1.CondicAssociateProfessorofNeurobiologyandAnatomyUniversityofUtah,SchoolofMedicineAaronDominguezProvostCatholicUnive
4、rsityofAmericaSureshV.GarimellaPresidentUniversityofVermontDarioGilSeniorVicePresidentandDirectorofResearchIBMDorotaGrejner-BrzezinskaDistinguishedUniversityProfessorand1.owberB.StrangeEndowedChairTheOhioStateUniversityMelvynHUff1.ecturerUniversityofMassachusettsDartmouthSteven1.eathPresident(retire
5、d)IowaStateUniversityandAuburnUniversityMatthewMalkanDistinguishedProfessorofPhysicsandAstronomyUniversityofCalifornia,1.osAngelesJuliaM.PhillipsExecutiveEmeritusSandiaNational1.aboratoriesMarviMatosRodriguezDirectorofEngineeringinMobilityandSurveillancefortheP-8AirVehicleIntegratedProductTeamBoeing
6、CompanyScottStanleyVicePresidentOfTechnoIogyTechnoPlanetKeivanStassunStevensonProfessorofPhysicsandAstronomyVanderbiltUniversityAlanSternAssociateVicePresidentandSpecialAssistanttothePresidentSouthwestResearchInstituteMerlinTheodoreGroup1.eaderfortheAdvancedFibersManufacturingGroupintheManufacturing
7、ScienceDivisionOakRidgeNational1.aboratoryWandaE.WardExecutiveAssociateChancellorforPublicEngagementUniversityofIllinoisUrbana-ChampaignBevleeWatfordProfessorofEngineeringEducationandAssociateDeanforEquityandEngagementVirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversityStephenH.WillardBiotechnologyExecuti
8、veand1.awyerHeatherWilsonPresidentUniversityofTexas,ElPasoSethuramanPanchanathan,MemberexofficioDirectorNationalScienceFoundationJohnJ.Veysey,ExecutiveOfficerBoardOfficeDirectorNationalScienceBoardNationalScienceBoardScience&EngineeringIndicators2024TheStateofUSScienceandEngineering2024March2024NSB-
9、2024-3PrefaceTheNationalScienceBoard(Board,NSB)isrequiredundertheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)Act,42U.S.C.1863(j)(I)topreparethebiennialScienceandEngineeringIndicators(Indicators)reportforandtransmitittothepresidentandCongresseveryeven-numberedyear.ThereportispreparedbytheNationalCenterforSciencean
10、dEngineeringStatistics(NCSES)withinNSFundertheguidanceoftheBoard.IndicatorsprovidesinformationonthestateoftheU.S.scienceandengineering(S&E)enterpriseovertimeandwithinaglobalcontext.Thereportisapolicy-relevant,policyneutralsourceofhigh-qualityU.S.andinternationaldata.Theindicatorspresentedinthereport
11、arequantitativerepresentationsrelevanttothescope,quality,andvitalityoftheS&Eenterprise.Thissummaryreport.TheStateofU.S.ScienceandEngineering,detailskeyfindingsfromtheninethematicreportsthatmakeupIndicators,providingin-depthdataandinformationonscience,technology,engineering,andmathematics(STEM)educat
12、ionatalldegreelevels;theSTEMworkforce;publicperceptionsandawarenessofscienceandtechnology;U.S.andinternationalresearchanddevelopmentperformance;invention,knowledgetransfer,andinnovation;andU.S.competitivenessinhigh-technologyindustries.Indicatorsalsoincludesaninteractive,onlinetoolthatenablesstateco
13、mparisonsonavarietyofS&Eindicators.Thissummaryreport,theninethematicreports,andtheonlineStateIndicatorsdatatooltogethermakeupthefullIndicatorssuiteofproducts.TableofContentsKeyTakeaways2Introduction3Talent:U.S.andGlobalSTEMEducationand1.aborForce4ElementaryandSecondaryMathematicsandScienceS&EHigherE
14、ducationintheUnitedStatesInternationalS&EHigherEducationandStudentMobilityTheSTEM1.aborMarketandtheEconomyDemographicCompositionoftheSTEMWorkforceAmericans,PerceptionsaboutScientistsDiscovery:U.S.andGlobalR&D5GlobalR&DU.S.R&DPerformanceandFundingTrendsFederalAgencyFundingofR&DandS&EGraduateStudentsT
15、ranslation:U.S.andGlobalScience,Technology,andInnovationCapabilities22ResearchPublicationsInventionandInnovationKnowledge-andTechnology-IntensiveIndustryOutputConclusion35Glossary36DefinitionsKeytoAcronymsandAbbreviationsReferences40Notes43AcknowledgmentsandCitation45AcknowledgmentsCoverImageCreditR
16、ecommendedCitationContactUs46ReportAuthorsNCSESKeyTakeaways NationalassessmentsshowasharpdeclineinelementaryandsecondarystudentmathematicsperformancesincetheCOVID-19pandemic.From2019to2022,averagemathematicsscoresoffourthandeighthgradestudentsdroppedtolevelslastmeasuredapproximately20yearsago. Enrol
17、lmentofinternationalscienceandengineering(S&E)graduatestudentsatU.S.institutionshasrapidlyincreasedfromapproximately200,000in2020,apandemic-eralowpoint,tonearly310,000in2022.InternationalstudentsontemporaryvisasaccountedforaboutathirdofS&EmastersanddoctoraldegreerecipientsatU.S.institutionsin2021. T
18、heU.S.science,technology,engineering,andmathematics(STEM)workforcecomprised36.8millionpeopleindiverseoccupationsthatrequireSTEMknowledgeandexpertisein2021,accountingfor24%ofthetotalU.S.workforce.JustoverhalfofSTEMworkersdidnothavebachelor,sdegreesorhigher.Foreign-bornindividualsmadeup19%ofallSTEMwor
19、kersand43%ofdoctorate-levelscientistsandengineers. Womenaccountforlowersharesofdegreerecipientsinengineeringandcomputerandinformationsciencesthanmen.WomenareunderrepresentedintheSTEMworkforce,andtheyaccountedfor35%ofallSTEMworkersin2021.Hispanicor1.atino,BlackorAfricanAmerican,andAmericanIndianorAla
20、skaNativeindividualsareunderrepresentedamongS&Edegreerecipientsatthebachelor,sdegreelevelandaboveandalsoamongSTEMworkerswithatleastabachelorsdegree. TheUnitedStatesisthelargestperformerofresearchanddevelopment(R&D),with$806billioningrossdomesticexpendituresonR&Din2021.OthertopR&D-performingcountries
21、includeChina($668billion),Japan($177billion),Germany($154billion),andSouthKorea($120billion).TheUnitedStatesisalsoamongtheworldsmostR&D-intensiveeconomies,withR&Dexpendituresequaling3.5%ofitsgrossdomesticproductin2021. TheabsoluteamountoffederallyfundedR&Dincreasedfrom201Ito2021;however,duetosignifi
22、cantgrowthinR&Dfundedbybusinesses,theshareoftotalU.S.R&Dfundedbythefederalgovernmentdecreasedfrom30%in2011to19%in2021.Thebusinesssectornowfunds36%ofbasicresearch,closetothe40%shareofbasicresearchfundedbythefederalgovernment. ThefederalgovernmentisthelargestsupporterofacademicR&D,funding52%ofallR&Dpe
23、rformedbyhighereducationinstitutionsandsupporting15%offull-timeS&Egraduatestudentsin2021. S&Earticlespublishedinopen-accessjournalsincreasedover50-foldinthepasttwodecades,from19,000articlespublishedin2003to992,000articlesin2022. Indicatorsofglobalscience,technology,andinnovation(STI)capabilities,suc
24、hasS&Eresearchpublications,patenting,andknowledge-andtechnology-intensive(KTI)industryoutput,areconcentratedintheUnitedStates,EastandSoutheastAsia,andEurope.Overthepastdecade,ChinahassignificantlyincreaseditsshareofglobalSTIcapabilities. ChinaisthetopoverallproducerofS&Epublicationsandinternationalp
25、atentsandhasthegreatestKTImanufacturingoutput.TheUnitedStates,whichhasagreatershareofitspublicationsamongthemosthighlycitedS&Eresearch,istheworldleaderinKTIservices.ThesetwocountriesarethelargestcontributorstoaglobalnetworkOfartificialintelligence(AI)researchpublishing. 1.ikeK-12educationoutcomes,in
26、novationcapabilitiesandtheSTEMlaborforcearenotuniformacrosstheUnitedStates.U.S.patentingactivityisconcentratedalongthecoastsandinpartsoftheGreat1.akesregion,Teas,andtheRockyMountains,adistributionsimilartothatofSTEMemploymentandKTIindustryproduction.IntroductionTheStateofU.S.ScienceandEngineeringsum
27、marizeskeyindicatorsthatassessthestatusofthescienceandengineering(S&E)enterprisewithintheUnitedStatesandillustratetheU.S.globalpositioninmultipleaspectsoftheS&Eenterprise.Thisreportprovideshigh-levelfindingsfromtheninethematicreportsthatmakeupScienceandEngineeringIndicators2024.Selecteddatafromtheni
28、nethematicreportsaregroupedhereintothreemajorsectionsthatrelatetotheS&Eenterprise:talent,discovery,andtranslation.ThesethreecomponentscollectivelysupportU.S.globalcompetitivenessinscience,technology,andinnovation(STI),inthatscience,technology,engineering,andmathematics(STEM)talentcontributestoscient
29、ificdiscovery,whichinturnistranslatedtosocietyandtheeconomythroughinnovation.ThefirstsectionofthereportdescribesthestatusoftheU.S.STEMeducationsystemfromelementarythroughthedoctorallevelandtheSTEMworkforce,includingthecontributionsOfinternationalstudentsandworkers.ItalsodetailstheAmericanpublic,sper
30、ceptionsaboutscientists.Thesecondsection,onresearchanddevelopment(R&D),discussesthepositionoftheUnitedStatesamongthetopR&D-performingcountriesandanalyzespatternsofU.S.R&DfundingandperformanceamongeconomicsectorsandbytypeofR&D,ThethirdandfinalsectionfocusesonoutputsoftheS&Eenterprisetoprovideinsighti
31、ntohowtheUnitedStatesandothermajorcountriesandregionscontributetoglobalknowledgeandinnovation.Finally,thereportcontainsasidebarwithselectindicatorsofnationalinvestmentsandcapabilitiesincriticalandemergingtechnologies(seesidebarCriticalandEmergingTechnologies).Talent:U.S.andGlobalSTEMEducationand1.ab
32、orForceAgloballycompetitiveSTEMeducationsystemequipsAmericanswiththeskillsandknowledgeneededtoparticipateintheSTEMworkforce.STEMworkerswithabroadrangeofeducationalcredentialssustaintheU.S.researchenterpriseanddriveinnovationincriticalandemergingtechnologies,supportingthenation,scompetitivenessintheg
33、lobaleconomy.ElementaryandSecondaryMathematicsandScienceElementaryandsecondaryeducationinmathematicsandsciencearethefoundationforentryintopostsecondarySTEMmajorsandSTEM-relatedoccupations.1PriortotheCOVID-19pandemic,theUnitedStatesrankednearthemiddleofadvancedeconomiesbasedoninternationalmathematics
34、andscienceassessmentsofstudents(FigureI).In2019,averageTrendsinInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy(TIMSS)assessmentscoresofU.S.eighthgradestudentsinmathematics(515)andscience(522)weresimilartotheaverageamongadvancedeconomies(532inmathematicsand527inscience).Averagescoresofstudentsfromadvancedeco
35、nomiesinEastandSoutheastAsia-Singapore,Taiwan,SouthKorea,JapanwereamongthehighestandweresignificantlyhigherthanaveragescoresofU.S.studentsinbothmathematicsandscience.2FigureI.AverageTIMSSmathematicsandsciencescoresofstudentsingrade8amongparticipatingadvancedeconomies:2019Note(三):TIMSSisTrendsinInter
36、nationalMathematicsandScienceStudy.ThescaleforTIMSSscoresis0-1.000.Source(三):InternationalAssociationfortheEvaluationofEducationalAchievement,TIMSSt2019.Indicators2024:K-/2Education700TheCOVID-19pandemicledtoseveredisruptionsinelementaryandsecondarystudentlearningintheUnitedStates,beginningwiththeab
37、ruptswitchtoremoteinstructionformanystudentsinMarch2020.Studentmathematicsperformanceshowedasharpdeclinein2022,comparedwithpre-pandemicperformancein2019.From2019to2022,theoverallaveragescoresforeighthgradersonthemainNationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress(NAEP)mathematicsassessmentdroppedforallstude
38、nts,althoughthedeclinewasnotstatisticallysignificantforallracialandethnicgroups(Figure2).3Averagescoresinmathematicsforallstudentsin2022werelowerthanallpreviousassessmentssince2005forfourthgradersandsince2003foreighthgraders.AllstudentsAsian(White.MorethanoneraceNativeHawaiianorOtherPacificIslanderH
39、ispanicor1.atino.AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative9.BlackOrAfricanAmericanNote(三):NAEPisNationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress.Dataarcnotavailableforallyears.ThescaleforNAEPmathematicsassessmentscoresis0-500forgrade8.Hispanicor1.acinomaybeanyrace;racecategoriesexcludeHispanicorigin.Averagescoresdeclined
40、from2019to2022byStaciscicallysignificantamountsforallracialandethnicgroupsshownexceptforAmericanIndiansorAlaskaNativesandNaciveHawaiiansorOtherPacificIslanders.Source(三):NCSES.specialtabulations(2022)ofthemainNAEP2000-22mathematicsassessments.NCES.Indicators2024:K-12EducationTheNAEPlong-termtrendmat
41、hematicsassessment,anothernationalassessmentofmathematics,alsoshowsasignificantpost-pandemicdeclineinstudentscores(Figure3).From2020to2023,theaveragescoreforall13-year-oldstudentsdroppedby9points.Amongstudentracialandethnicgroups,scoredeclinesincludeda20-pointdropforAmericanIndianorAlaskaNativestude
42、ntsanda6-pointdropforWhitestudents.ScoresforstudentsintheIOthpercentilethosescoringnearthelowendofallassessmenttakersdroppedby14points,whereasscoresforstudentsinthe90thpercentiledroppedby6points.Asaresult,thegapbetweenstudentsscoringintheIOthpercentile(213)andthe90thpercentile(322)widenedto109points
43、,thelargestithasbeensincetheassessmentbeganin1978.Withrespecttostudentsocioeconomicsutus,studentseligibleforfreeorreduced-pricelunch-acommonlyusedindicatoroffamilypovertyscoredsignificantlylowerin2023(253)thanstudentsineligiblefortheprogram(287).Bothgroupsofstudentsexperiencedsignificantdeclinesinte
44、stscoresfrom2020to2023.Figure3.Changeinaveragestudentscoresfor13-year-oldstudentsontheNAEPlong-termtrendmathematicsassessment,bystudentcharacteristic:2020-23-20StudentcharacteristicNote(三):NAEPisNationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress.Hispanicor1.atinomaybeanyrace;racecategoriesexcludeHispanicorigin
45、.DataforNativeHawaiianorOcherPacificIslanderstudenuaresuppressedforreasonsofconfidentialityand/orreliability.Changesinaveragescoresfrom2020to2023forallgroupsshownareSUCisticaIIysignificantacthe0.10level.Source(三):NCSES.specialtabulations(2023)ofthe2020and2023NAEPlong-termtrendmathematicsassessments.
46、NCES.Indicators2024:K-/2EducationS&EHigherEducationintheUnitedStatesAlthoughsomestudentstransitiondirectlyfromhighschooltotheSTEMlaborforce,thenation,sS&EenterprisedependsheavilyonrecipientsofhighereducationdegreesinS&Efields(seeGlossarysectionforalistofS&Efields).4Thenumberofcertificatesanddegreesa
47、wardedinS&Efieldsincreasedateachdegreelevelinthepastdecade,withtotalS&Eawards(includingallcertificatesandassociates,bachelor,s,masters,anddoctoraldegrees)increasingfrom982,000in2012to1,310,000in2021.TheshareofdegreesawardedinS&Efieldsincreasedforalllevelsexceptdoctoraldegrees;however,theshareofdegre
48、esawardedinS&Efieldswasthehighestatthedoctorallevel,with66%ofdoctoraldegreesawardedinS&Efields.ManygroupsofAmericansremainedunderrepresentedamongS&EdegreerecipientswhencomparedtotheirshareoftheU.S.populationages20-34yearsold.ThepercentageofwomenvariedsignificantlydependingonS&Efield,withwomenaccountingforthelowestsharesofdegreerecipientsinengineering(24%ofbachelor,sdegreesin2021)andcomputerandinformationsciences(22%).In2021,AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative,BlackorAfricanAmerican,andHispanicor1
