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1、thanpeoplewhodislikeeachother.,8i5p35Incommunication,lookingdownfrequentlycanindicatesubmissivenessorembarrassment.1.ookingawayconstantlymayexpressdissatisfaction.Femalesarelikelytocommunicatewithmoreeyecontact,especiallyamongfemales.Buttoolongeyecontactwillcauseembarrassment.Mostpeoplefeeluneasyand
2、uncomfortableunderthestrongstaring.Whenpeoplealwaysstareatus,wewillfeelwearethreatenedorsuspecttheirsincerity.Fromwhatismentionedabovewecanconcludethatdifferentculturalbackgroundhasagreatinfluenceonbodylanguage.Andeyelanguagealsoreflectsdifferentculturesandbelieves.Soweneedtoobserveandcompareandcont
3、rastcarefullysoastoimproveculturalexchangeandtoblendwell.4.2Gestures“Gesturemeanswecommunicateandexpressbythemovementandmannersofourhandsandflngers,9pl23Withoutgestures,ourworldwillbestaticandcolorless.Wemayliterallyrollupoursleeveswhentalkingaboutcleaninguptheroomandruntomeetthepersonweareeagertose
4、e.Itseemsnaturaltoclenchourfistorperhapsevenpoundtothelecterntoleteveryonerealizetheimportanceofourmessagewhentryingtocommunicateastrongfeeling,whichemphasizeourwords.w(10p64Inourdallylife,everyonemakesgestures,butmanygestureshavedistinctregionalandculturalfeatures.,Don,tassumethateveryoneintheworld
5、understandsonegestureinthesameway.llp44Forexample.(7) Americansoftentouchtheirtemplestoexpresssomebodyscleverness.Butthisactionmeansthereissomethingwrongwithone,smindoroneisstupidtoChinese.ChineseareoftensurprisedtoseeAmericanslaytheirhandsontheirneckswhentheyarefull.BecauseitisansuicideactiontoChin
6、ese,whousedtoexpressfullnessbypattingtheirstomachs.Andanotherexample,(8) Inwesternculture,peoplestretchoutonesforefingerandswingitleftandright,whichsignalstowarnsomebodynottodosomething.Thephrasecrossonesfingersmeansblessingsomebody,sgoodluck.Thegestureofthumbingaridesignifiesaskingforafreerideinmot
7、orvehiclebystretchinguponesthumb.InAmerica,peopleholdtheirthumbsandforefingersintoacircleandstretchuptheotherfingers,whichmeansOKinAmerica,butitmeanssomebodyisfiredbybossinJapan.InChina,holdingupone,sthumbmeansgood,andraisingoneslitterfingermeansbad.ButJapanesewillholduptheirlittlefingerstoexpresson
8、eistheirlover.InAmerica,wavingone,shandmeansgoodbye.ButSouthAmericanswillnotleavewhentheyseethisgesture,inturns;theywillruntowardsyou.(12) Guestsarequarrellingbecauseofdispute;wecanmakeoutthetwoquarrellingpartsbytheirpostures.Peoplewhoagreewiththemwillputtheirlegsontheotherlegs.Andpeoplewhoareagains
9、twillstretchouttheirlegsstraight.Andsomeneutralpeoplewillholdarms.Somebodysuddenlychangeshis/herpostures,whichmaymeanhedisagreeswiththepersonwhoisspeakingorhe/sheischanginghis/hermind.Forexample,(13) PeoplefromEnglishspeakingcountriespreferkneelingorsittingonthegroundtobendingdown.Theythinkitisthepo
10、stureofuncultivatedpeoplewhentheyaresurroundingthefire,andtheyarewillingtokneelorsitontheground.ButpeoplefromthecountrysideofNorthernChinagetusedtothisposture.InIndonesia,peopleoftenbowandputtheotherpeopleshandontheirforeheadtoexpressmodesty.ButAmericanswillnotdoIt.Americansinformalnessisfamous.Teac
11、herscansitontheplatformordeskwhentheyareteaching.Andthestudentsneednttositstraight.ButinChina,peoplearerequiredtohaveagoodmanner.Forexample,(14) Ininterpersonalcommunication,goodmannersshowgreatrespecttotheotherpeople.Forexample,havinganinterviewforjob-hunting,weshouldbehavewell.Andwecanconcludesome
12、thingfrompeoplesposture.Whenwelistentopeople,webelievetheyaremoreenergetic,confidentandcompetentiftheystanderect.Ontheotherhand,whenweseeapersonslouchingoveralecternorstandinglazily,wemakeanegativeinterpretation.WesaythepersonisnotVerYinterestedinwhattheyarediscussing.M15bJ(10p654.4TouchTouchreferst
13、othewaypeopleexchangeInformationbytouchingone,sbody.Themostcommontouchbehaviorishandsshakingandhugs.Chinesebelongtolow-contractualcultures.(15) InChina,peoplegreetwitheachotherwithheadnodding,smilezhandshakingandsoon.Evengoodfriendsjustholdhandsforashorttimeorhammersoftlyontheotherfriend,sshoulder.A
14、sforhandshaking,peopleinNorthAmericashakehandswhentheygreetwitheachother.Aschildren,theyhavelearnttoholdotherpeopleshandstightly.EastAslanpeopleoftenshakehandsslightly;becausetheythinktighthandshakingmeanschallenge.Nowadays,handshakinghasbecomeacustomtoshowhospitalityandfriendlinessinmanycountries.B
15、utthewayofhandshakingisalittledifferent.Forexample,(16) TheFrenchwillshakehandswithhishostwhentheycomeintoandleavethehost,shouse.ButGermansonlyshakehandsonlywiththeirhostwhentheychannels,thefaceisthemostimportantbroadcasterofemotions.w17lJ10p64(19) wTherewasonceadumbshowcalledeatingchickenwatthespri
16、ngfestivalparty.Theactor,WangJinyu,performedthewholeprocessofeatingchickenbyhisfacialexpressionsandgestureswithoutsayingasingleword,whichgainedalotofalause.w18p58Ifhecannotconveyhistruefeelingandexaggeratedposturesofeatingchicken,theperformancewouldbeafailure.Forexample,(20) Journalistsdeliverinform
17、ationtothepubicmainlyfromwhatheinterviewedfrominterviewees.Sotheinterviewees*cooperationdeterminesthesuccessofthereport.Andthereportsonkillingorrobbery,notallthewitnessarewillingtonarratetherealsituationofthescene.Soexperiencedjournalistswillusefacialexpressionssuchassmile,headnoddingtoshowtheyarein
18、terestedsoastomakethewitnessesrelaxandfeeleasyandcooperatewiththejournalistactivelyandvoluntantly.(21) Andinmanycultures,smilesaresignsOfhappinessorfriendliness,likeAmericaandChina.Wewillfindoutotherswillreturnasmiletothepersonwhoissmilingatthembutwillturnawayorstoptalkingwiththepersonwhoarepullinga
19、longface.WhenwearespeakingEnglish,itisgenerallygoodtosmileatyourlistenerfromtimetotime,especiallywhenhehasmadeaninterestingcomment.Alsonoddingyourheadupanddowntoshowyouarereallyinterestedinit.Fromtimetotime,youcanaddasoundofagreement,suchasSUhhuhworevenjustmmmm”,toshowyouarelistening.w19llp44Forexam
20、ple,(22) Whenwehaveguestsathome,wewillsmiletoshowwelcome.ButAmericanIndianswillcrytoexpresswelcome.Smileswillnotonlyrepresenthappinessandfriendlinessbutalsoindicateapologyandunderstanding.Forinstance,westampedothersfeetonthebusbecauseofasuddenbrake;Wewillsmiletotheperson.ItmeanstosaySorryw,VerySorry
21、w.Whencollidingwithastranger,wewillsmiletoshowwehavenohostility.Thesmileonthefaceofwaitersorwaitressmeanstheywelcomeus.Butsometimes,westernpeoplewillfeeldisgustedaboutChinesessmile.Forexample,(23) Aforeignerbrokeadishinarestaurantandfeltembarrassed.ButChinesewhowereonthespotsmiledathim,whichmadehima
22、ngrier.Infact,thissmilemeansNevermindu.Anotherfacialexpressionisstretchingoutonetongue.WhenChineserealizethattheirbehaviorisunsuitableandfeelembarrassed,theyoftenstretchouttheirtonguesandshrinktheirnecksatthesametime,especiallygirlsandchildren.ButAmericansneverdoit.Theythinkitisrude.6. ThePrinciples
23、ofReducingBarriersinCommunicationAsidiomgoeswWheninRome,doastheRomansdo.Itisthemainprincipleincommunication.Thisprinciplerefersthatcommunicatorsshouldrespectandunderstandthecultureoftheothernationsandeliminatetheinterferenceoftheirowncultures.Accordingtothisprinciple,weshouldknowthedifferencesofthei
24、rcustoms,believesandtheirconnotationsofbodylanguage.Forexample,(25) InChina,peoplewillgivechrysanthemumtothepatient.ButFrenchpeopleneverdothis.BecausetheythinkChrVSanthemUmisusedinfunerals.Butweshouldpayattentiontotwopoints,whenWeapplythisprinciple.Ontheonehand,weshouldnotworshipandimitatethewholebo
25、dylanguageblindly.Ontheotherhand,weshouldnotbetrappedinthefixedmodeofcultures.Forexample,(26) PeoplethinkAmericansbehaveinformallyinanysituationandEnglishmenarealwaysconservative.Infact,allcommunicativemodeschangewiththedifferencesoftime,situationandcontents.TheotherprincipleIndicatesthatweshouldcon
26、cludetherulesbycomparisonandcontrastsofdifferentculturesandexcludetheinterferencesOfculturestoavoidculturalconfliction.Intheapplicationofthisprinciple,weshouldkeepatolerantattitudetowardsthedifferencesofcultures,believes,customsandsoontoavoidprejudiceandsuperiority.SoInthecommunication,wecanmakefull
27、useoftheseprinciples,excludefixedmodeofcultureandkeepopenandunderstandingattitudetowardsculturaldifferences.7. ConclusionWehavediscussedthedifferencesandsimilaritiesonbodylanguageandprinciplesofreducingbarriersincommunicationabove.Beingabranchofthemeansofnonverbalcommunication,bodylanguagecanhelpuss
28、olvealotofproblemswemeet.Thestudyofbodylanguagemakesusunderstandothersverywellandbehaveinproperwayswithoutmakingtoomanymistakes.Itisdifficulttomasterbodylanguagebecauseofitscomplexity,butwecanimproveourcommunicativeabilitiesifWetrytotheutmostofoureffortstolearnwhatweshouldknowandfollowtheprinciplesm
29、entionedabove.Whatweshoulddoistorememberhowpeoplefromdifferentculturesactandtokeepanunderstandingandtolerantattitudetowardsthedifferences.Onlywhenwemakeaclearunderstandingonbodylanguage,canWeusebodylanguageofEnglishspeakingcountriestomakeanefficientcommunicationandavoidmisunderstanding.beawarningsig
30、noffabricationifapersonissupposedtoberecallingandstatingfacts.lkngrightsidewayseyesimaginingsoundsSidewayseyemovementsarebelievedtoindicateimagining(right)orrecalling(left)sounds,whichcanincludeforexampleapersonimaginingorfabricatingwhatanotherpersonhassaidorcouldsay.lkingrightanddowneyesaccessingfe
31、elingsThisisacreativesignalbutnotafabrication-itcansignalthatthepersonisself-questioningtheirfeelingsaboutsomething.Contextparticularly-andothersignals-areimportantforinterpretingmorespecificmeaningaboutthissignal.lookingleftandupeyesrecallingimagestruthfulnessRelatedtoaccessingmemoryinthebrain,rath
32、erthancreatingorimagining.Areassuringsignifsignalledwhenthepersonisrecallingandstatingfacts.lookingleftsidewayseyesrecallingorrememberingsounds1.ookingsidewayssuggestssounds;lookingleftsuggestsrecallingorremembering-notfabricatingorimagining.Thisthereforecouldindicaterecallingwhathasbeensaidbyanothe
33、rperson.lkingleftdowneyesself-talking,rationalizingThinkingthingsthroughbyself-talk-concerninganoutwardview,ratherthantheinwardfeelingsviewindicatedbydownwardrightlooking.directeyecontact(whenspeaking)eyeshonesty-orfakedhonestyDirecteyecontactisgenerallyregardedasasignoftruthfulness,howeverpractised
34、liarsknowthisandwillfakethesignal.directeyecontact(wheneyesattentiveness,interest,attractionEyeswhichstayfocusedonthespeakerseyes,tendtoindicatefocusedinterestedattentiont,feelingshasasecrettheyarenotgoingtoshare,possiblyduetodislikeordistrust.Canalsobearejectionsignal.twistedsmilemouthmixedfeelings
35、orsarcasmShowsoppositeemotionsoneachsideoftheface.dropped-jawsmilemouthfakedsmileMoreofapractisedfakesmilethananinstinctiveone.Thejawisdroppedlowerthaninanaturalsmile,theactofwhichcreatesasmile.smile-headtiltedzlookingUPmouthplayfulness,teasing,coyHeadtiltedsidewaysanddownwardssoastoparthidetheface,
36、fromwhichthesmileisdirectedviatheeyesattheintendedtarget.bottomlipjuttingoutmouthupset1.ikerubbingeyescanbeanadultversionofcrying,sojuttingorpushingthebottomlipforwardisapartofthecryingfaceandimpulse.Bearinmindthatpeoplecryforreasonsofgenuineupset,ortoavertattackandseeksympathyorkindtreatment.laught
37、ermouthrelaxation1.aughterdeservesasectioninitsownrightbecauseitssuchaninterestingarea.Intermsofbodylanguagegenuinelaughterisasignofrelaxationandfeelingatease.Naturallaughtercanextendtoalltheupperbodyorwholebody.Thephysiologyoflaughterissignificant.Endorphinsarereleased.Painandstressreduces.Alsovuln
38、erabilitiesshowandcanbecomemorevisiblebecausepeoplesguarddropswhenlaughing.forcedlaughtermouthnervousness,cooperationUnnaturallaughterisoftenasignalofnervousnessorstress,differentlycanindicateupset,asifsuppressingcrying.tonguepokemouth/tonguedisapproval,rejectionThetongueextendsbrieflyandslightlyatt
39、hecentreofthemouthasiftastingsomethingnasty.Thegesturemaybeextremelysubtle.Anextremeversionmaybeaccompaniedbyawrinklingofthenose,andasquintofteeyes.handclampedovermouthmouth/handssuppression,holdingback,shockOftenanunconsciousgestureofself-regulation-stoppingspeechforreasonsofshock,embarrassment,orf
40、ormoretacticalreasons.Thegestureisreminiscentofthespeaknoevilwisemonkey.Theactioncanbeobservedveryclearlyinyoungchildrenwhentheywitnesssomethingunspeakablynaughtyorshocking.Extremeversionsofthesameeffectwouldinvolvebothhands.nailbitingmouth/handsfrustration,suppressionNail-bitingisaninwardly-redirec
41、tedaggressionborneoffear,orsomeothersuppressionofbehaviour.1.aternail-bitingbecomesreinforcedasacomfortinghabit,againtypicallypromptedbyfrustrationorfear.Stressinthiscontextisanoutcome.Stressdoesntcausenail-biting;nail-bitingistheoutwarddemonstrationofstress.Thecauseofthestresscanbevariousthings(str
42、essors).SeetheStreSSarticleformoredetailaboutstress.head-bodylanguageExposingtheneckisalsoasignoftrust.headforward,uprighthead/bodyinterest,positivereactionHeadforwardinthedirectionofapersonorothersubjectindicatesinterest.Therulealsoappliestoaforwardleaningupperbody,commonlysitting,butalsostanding,w
43、herethemovementcanbeadistinctandsignificantadvancementintoacloserDerSonalSDaCezoneoftheotherperson.Headforwardanduprightisdifferenttoheadtilteddownward.headtilteddownwardheadCTiticism,admonishmentHeadtilteddownwardstowardsapersoniscommonlyasignalofcriticismorreprimandordisapproval,usuallyfromapositi
44、onofauthority.headshakingheaddisagreementSidewaysshakingoftheheadgenerallyindicatesdisagreement,butcanalsosignalfeelingsofdisbelief,frustrationorexasperation.Obviousofcourse,butoftenignoredormissedwherethemovementissmall,especiallyingroupsseeminglyreactinginsilentacceptance.pronouncedheadshakinghead
45、strongdisagreementThestrengthofmovementoftheheadusuallyrelatestostrengthoffeeling,andoftentotheforcebywhichthehead-shakerseekstosendthismessagetothereceiver.Thisisanimmenselypowerfulsignalandisusedintentionallybysomepeopletodominateothers.headdown(inresponsetoaspeakerorproposition)headnegative,disin
46、terestedHeaddownisgenerallyasignalofrejection(ofsomeonesideasetc),unlesstheheadisdownforapurposelikereadingsupportingnotes,etc.Headdownwhenrespondingtocriticismisasignaloffailure,vulnerability(henceseekingprotection),orfeelingashamed.hands-bodylanguagesignalpartofbodypossiblemeaning(三)detailedexplan
47、ationpalm(三)uporopenhandssubmissive,truthful,honesty,appealingSaidtoevolvefromwhenopenupwardpalmsshowednoweaponwasheld.Acommongesturewithvariousmeaningsaroundamainthemeofopenness.CanalsomeanIdonthavetheanswer,oranappeal.Insomesituationsthiscanindicateconfidence(suchastoenableopenness),ortrust/trustw
48、orthiness.Aneasilyfakedgesturetoconveyinnocence.Outwardopenforearmsorwholearmsaremoreextremeversionsofthesignal.palm(三)up,fingerspointinguphandsdefensive,instructiontostopRelaxedhandsaremorelikelytobedefensiveasifofferedupinprotection;rigidfingersindicatesamoreauthoritativeinstructionorrequesttostopwhateverbehaviourispromotingthereaction.palm(三)downhandsauthority,strength,dominanceWherethelowerarmmovesacrossthebodywithpalmdownthisisgenerallydefianceorfirmdisagreement.palmupandmovingupanddownasifweighinghandsstrivi
