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1、unit7情态动词与虚拟语气 从初中开始我们就学习情态动词，情态动词一般表示一种强烈的语气、命令和要求，下面我们复习一下情态动词的基本用法：一、can表示“能够，会”，用于强调能力或描述人与生俱来的能力，过去式为could。如：人类会使用语言。-Human beings can use languages. 他会骑车。-He can ride a bike.-Can you give me a hand ?(答语)-Yes ,I can. No, I cant.-Could you come here now?(你会回答吗？) -Yes ,I can. No, I cant.,注意be abl
2、e to 也表示“能够”，但是它强调的是经过努力后天习得的能力。或特指某一特殊场合条件下最终能够-There was a big fire in my neighbours house last night,but the whole family D.were able to escape from it finally.can B. could C. was able to D. were able to二、may 表示“可以，可能”语气较弱，过去式为might,若表示委婉语气则更弱。-May she go there alone?(答语)-Yes, she may. No, she mu
3、stnt.注当may和第一人称I 构成问句表示请求允许。-May I have a look at your new ring?-Certainly!-May I come in?,三、Must 表示“必须，一定”，语气最强，否定形式mustnt 表示禁止。-我们今天必须执行这个计划吗？-Must we carry out the plan?(答语)-Yes, we must. No ,we neednt.(或dont have to.)(注)-Tom, you must play the piano at such late time? Maybe that can disturb othe
4、rs!(猜词)四、need(需要，需求)，dare(敢，敢于)，这两个词当情态动词用时，一般用在否定句、疑问句中，肯定句中多为实义动词。(构成needdare to do sth) -Need you see him today?-Yes, I must. No, I neednt.-You dont need to see him.,-I dare to go out alone at night.-The little boy doesnt dare to go out at night.- The little boy dare not go out at night.二情态动词表示推测
5、一、can表示推测一般用在否定句和疑问句中。推测因强调的时间不同can后所接的动词形式不同。否定形式cant表示“不可能”语气最强。1、表示对目前状况的推测。Can+v-他不可能这些天呆在家里。-He cant be at home these days. -他可能经常自己去森林里面吗？-Can he often go to the woods by himself?(01上海)-Mr Bush is on time for everything. How _A_it be that he was late for the opening ceremony? A.can B. should C
6、. may D. must,2、表示对当前正在发生的事情的推测。 Can+ (be + ving)-Tom不可能正在看电视，我听见他读书了。-Tom cant be watching TV now, for I hear him reading.3、表示对过去已经发生的事情的推测。Can + (have + done)-他们可能成功地执行了这个计划了吗？-Can they have carried out the plan?(注)Everyone can make a mistake.(用在肯定句中不表示人主观的推测，而表示客观的可能性，或客观存在的事实。)(03)-A left-luggag
7、e office is a place where bags_B_be left for a short time,especially at a railway station. A.should. B. can C. must D.will二、may表示推测一般用在肯定句或否定句中，译为“可能，会”，语气弱。否定形式may not语气更弱，表示更加的不肯定。若用于疑问句中则表示委婉的请求。,1、表示对目前状况的推测。may+v-海伦可能和我们一起去旅游，但是她也不确定。-Helen_C_go on the trip with us, but she isnt quite sure yet.
8、 A. shall B. must C. may D. Can -His parents may not come back till now.2、表示对正在发生的事情的推测。may+(be + ving)-在这个教室里同学们可能正在举行聚会。-The students may be holding a party now.3、对已经发生的事情的推测。 May + (have + done)-老师可能回家了，时间不早了。-Our teacher may have gone home, for time is so late.,三、must表示推测语气最强，且只能用在肯定句中，表示“一定，肯定是
9、”，否定形式mustnt 不表示推测，表示禁止。无mustnt have done 的形式。1、表示对目前状况的推测。 must + v-You must often play computer games.(构成反义疑问句)dont you?2、表示对正在发生的事情的推测。 must +(be +doing)-孩子们一定是在公园里做游戏。-Children must be playing games in the garden.-They must have read the novel several times,didnt theyhavent they?3、表示对已经发生的事情的推测。
10、must +(have + done),(05江西)-Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today? -Something _to him. A. must happen. B.should have happened. C. could have happened D. must have happened. (注)在情态动词表示推测的语气当中还有一些习惯用法，同学们注意灵活运用：-should have done(本该做而未做，表示说话人责备的语气)-shouldnt have done(本不该做而做了，也表示说话人责备的语气)-ne
11、ednt have done(本没有必要做而做了)-must have done(一定做了)-could have done (本能做而未做),虚拟语气表示说话人的所说的内容不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。一、if条件句中的虚拟语气 if条件句可以表示真实条件也可以表示虚拟。-如果明天不下雨的话，我们就去野餐。-If it doesnt rain tomorrow, well have a picnic. -如果我是你的话，我就不会和他争吵。-If I were you now , I shouldnt quarrel with him. (由此我们可以得知英语中的虚拟语气的表达主要
12、是从动词的时态上反映出我们所表达的内容的真实性或虚拟。虚拟语气的句子中的时态需要将实际时态往前推一个。),1 用于条件从句用于主语从句用于宾语从句用于状语从句用于定语从句用于简单句,虚拟语气的用法,wish, suggest, order,It is/was+ 形容词that,If,as if, as though,用于条件从句,一、基本用法1、-如果我现在看到他，我会十分高兴。-If I saw him now, I would be very happy.2、-如果他现在在这的话，我们就能问他那事。-If he were here now, we could ask him about i
13、t.-Were he here now,we could ask him about it.,If places _ alike, there would be little need for geographers.A. being B. are C. be D. wereIf we _ (know) that the books were available, we would have bought them yesterday.,had known,3、-如果我昨天要是有时间的话，我就和你一起去了。-If I had had time yesterday, I would have g
14、one with you.-Had I had time yesterday, I would have gone with you. if条件句的虚拟有时可以把含有助动词，情态动词，be或have的虚拟条件句省去，而将had, should, were等词提到主语之前，即倒装。*If I were you , I would go with him.=Were I you, I would go with him.*If I had known the news, I would have told you about that .=Had I known the news, I would
15、 have told you about that.,4、如果我明天看到他的话，我就会告诉他这个消息。-If I saw should see were to see him tomorrow, I would tell him the news.-Should I see him tomorrow, I would tell him the news.-Were I to see him tomorrow, I would tell him the news.(注)If条件句的虚拟语气中的连词if可以被省略，同时把助动词 were， had， should等提到主语的前面，从而构成倒装的形式
16、.-Were I you tomorrow, I shouldnt quarrel with him.,二、倒装用法,Had he worked harder, he _ the final examinations.A. must have got through B. would have got throughC. would get throughD. could get through,_ tomorrow morning, she would reach Beijing by this Sunday.A. Would she leave B. if she will leaveC.
17、 Had she left D. Were she to leave,三、主从句的动作发生时间不一致的情况。有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。 eg. If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now.If you had practiced speaking English more, you would be able to speak it fluently.,(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在）,I could have called you yeste
18、rday, but I _ you telephone number.A. didnt have B. wont have C. hadnt have D. wouldnt havePeter _ the drivers test, but he wasnt calm enough in the last ten minutes.A. might have passed B. must have passed C. will passed D. ought to have passed,四.用介词短语代替条件状语从句(含蓄条件句) without, but for (要不是）, otherwi
19、se, but that, except for, only, but, or e.g. Without air(If there were no air), there would be no living things. 与现在事实相反 But for your help(If it had not been for your help)I could not have done it. 与过去事实相反,Without water and air, there _living things on the earth.A. be B. would be no C. were to be D.
20、 wasYou _ your work ahead of time without their help.A. havent completed B. wouldnt have completedC. werent completing D. shouldnt have completed,“It is important （strange/natural/necessary/ vital / urgent/ imperative/ natural/ essential/ desirable/ ）that ( should )+V.原形” ，表示某事“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意义
21、。在主语从句中，谓语动词可以用虚拟语气表示惊奇，不相信，惋惜，理应如此等主观的情感.e.g. It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. It is decided (has been decided) that the meeting (should)be postponed till tomorrow.,五、用于主语从句中,It is necessary that he _ (
22、take) a good rest after working for a long time.It was ridiculous that he _ that way yesterday.A. behaved B. should behave C.shall behave D. would behave,(should) take,It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.(important, natural, strange, right etc. )It is a pity that you (should) b
23、e so careless. (shame, no wonder, etc.)It is requested that Miss Liu (should) give a performance at the party.(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed,etc)注： 此种从句若表示惊奇的情感则用虚拟语气，否则也可以用陈述语气。It is a pity that you didnt come.,六、用于宾语从句,I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come
24、 to class.A. could have slept B. had sleptC. might have slept D. have sleptHow he wished that he _ the concert!A. went to B. had gone toC.should have gone to D. would go to,2、在表示建议，要求，命令的词“suggest,demand,order,propose,insist,command,request,desire” 后的宾语从句中： “(should) +动词原形”e.g. I suggest that we (sh
25、ould) set off at once. I demanded that he (should) answer me immediately.注：以上动词的名词形式用于同位语从句中，从句中的动词也是用“(should) + 动词原形”,The doctor recommended that he _ for a few days.A. rests B. rest C.rested D. will restThe doctor required that every member in his department _ (refer) to his report.,(should) refe
26、r,We are in favor of your proposal that the meeting _.A. should be put off B. was put offC. should put off D. is to put offHis recommendation was that an experienced sales manager _ to the branch company in Shanghai to take charge of the marketing there. A. was sent B. send C. be sent D. would be se
27、nt,七、虚拟语气用于表语从句，同位语从句名词advice, idea, order,demand, plan, proposal,suggestion, request等的表语从句和同位语从句要用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的构成是(should) +动词原形We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for our summer vocation.My idea is that we (should) go to Beijing for our summer vocation.,八、用于状语从句,even if /e
28、ven though 主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。e.g. Even if Lin Tao were here,I should say the same thing. Even though he had been ill, he would have gone to his office.Even if he were to come here, he could not solve the problem.,2. as if/ as though从句的谓语形式为动词过去式 （be用were）或“had+过去分词”eg. He treats me as
29、 if I were a stranger. She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. He looked after the orphan as if he were her own child.He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.,3. lest, for fear that, in case “以防，以免”She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forg
30、et.Lest从句用虚拟语气，(should)+V. 原形,九、用于其他从句,1. “It is （ about/high) time(that)”,从句动词形式用过去式. Its time we went to school. Its high time we did our homework.2. would rather, would sooner (宁愿）， would just as soon (宁愿）后，谓语用 一般过去时： 表示现在或将来虚拟 过去完成时： 表示过去虚拟,十、.省略主句（常用以表示愿望）If only +would+V. 原形（或V. 一般过去）“要是就好了” I
31、f only she had not left! If only my grandmother were with me! If only the wind were to/should stop! If only she _(know) that her behavior was not welcome, she would have been more careful with her manners.I lost the pen you had bought me for my birthday. If only I _(not lose)it.,hadnt lost,had known,判断是否虚拟,2. 判断虚拟类型,3. 判断虚拟时间,Pass!,虚拟语气应试对策,
