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1、动词时态和语态,时态,一、谓语动词时态、时段一览表,英语常用时态构成形式（主动）,do/does,am/are/is doing,have/has done,have/has been doing,did,was/were doing,had done,had been doing,shall/will do,shall/will be doing,shall/will have done,would do,would be doing,would have been done,二、谓语动词八种时态的划分图,三、谓语动词八种时态的划分图,1. 一般现在时,闪记,基本用法,1）表示现在发生的动作
2、、情况、状态和特征。Mike is very happy now.2）表示经常性、习惯性的动作。He always plays basketball.3）表示普遍真理和特征。The earth moves around the sun.4）表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。The meeting begins at eight oclock.5）在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。Ill call you as soon as I get to Beijing.,6）根据时刻表的安排将要发生的事件，日程一般不可变更，语气比较肯定，常用的动词有：arrive , leave, come,
3、 go , open, close, return, start, begin, end, stop等。 The trains arrives at 18:40. The shop opens at 8 a.m and closes at 11.pm.7)以 here 或 there 开头的句子，说明正在发生的动作，谓语动词不用现在进行时，而用一般现在时。 Get it ready. Here comes a bus. Look ! There flies a kite in the sky.,Jason and Thomas _ brothers. They study at the sam
4、e school. A. be B. amC. isD. are,D, Can your father drive? Yes, and he usually _ me to school.A. droveB. is driving C. drives D. has driven,C,小结,概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：often, usually, always, sometimes, every week (day, year, month .), once a week, on Sundays, etc. 基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式： amisare
5、 not；此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。,2. 一般过去时,闪记：,基本用法,1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。Where did you go yesterday?2）表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作。Did he often go swimming last summer?3）表示主语过去的特征或性格。Her English was very good at that time.4）在时间和条件状语
6、从句中，用一般过去时代替过 去将来时。He said he would call me as soon as he arrived in Shanghai.,5）用在一些句型里： It is time you went to bed. I wish I were a bird. Id rather you came tomorrow., When _ your mother _ you that blue dress, Mary? Sorry, I really cant remember.A. does; buy B. has; bought C. had; bought D. did; b
7、uy,D, Nancy is not coming to the party tonight. But she _ me shed love to.A. tellsB. toldC. had told D. is telling,D,小结,概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week (year, night, month .), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once
8、 upon a time, etc. 基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式： waswerenot；在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：was或were放在句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。,3. 一般将来时,闪记：,基本用法,1）表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，一般会与表示将来的时间状语连用。We will go to see the film tomorrow.2）用在一些主从复合句中。Ill call you as soon as I get there.,1) 表示未来的动作或状态，常用will / shall + 动词 时间状语有
9、：tomorrow，next week 等等。 Ill go to your city tomorrow.2) be doing，表计划的将来，但语气不及一般现在时肯定，安排可以变更，常用动词有：go, come, leave, arrive等。 He is leaving for America on business next month.3) be going to do，表示将来。 a.主语的打算、意图，即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 表示“预测”，说明有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds, ther
10、e is going to be a storm.,一般将来时常见形式,4) be to do表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事，或表示要求、命令做某事,在if引导的条件从句中，表示一种愿望。We are to discuss the report next Saturday. You are to finish the work by Friday. If you are to succeed, you must work hard.5) be about to do，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to 不能与to
11、morrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。,There _ a talk show on CCTV-1 at night this evening.A. will haveB. is going to beC. is havingD. will be have,B, Please give this note to John. OK. Ill give it to him as soon as he _.A. is coming backB. will come backC. comes backD. come back,C,小结,概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态
12、及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语：tomorrow, next day (week, month, year .), soon, in a few minutes, by ., the day after tomorrow, etc. 基本结构：amisaregoing to do；willshalldo 否定形式：amisare notgoing to do； willshallnotdo一般疑问句：be放于句首； willshall提到句首,4. 现在进行时,闪记：,基本用法,1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。Listen! She is singing a song.2）表示现阶段的正在进
13、行的动作。What are you doing these days?,3)表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。The leaves are turning red.Its getting warmer and warmer. 4). 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。You are always changing your mind.,Dont turn on the TV. Grandma _ now.A. is sleepingB
14、. will sleepC. sleptD. sleeps,A, Where is Mike? He asked me to go out for a walk this evening. Maybe he _ TV in the living room now.A. watched B. will watch C. is watching D. watches,C,小结,概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. 基本结构：amisare doing否定形式：amisare notdoing一般疑问句：把be
15、动词放在句首,5. 现在完成时,闪记：,基本用法,1）表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或 结果，或说话时已完成的动作。I have finished my homework.2）表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态， 往往和“for .”，“since .”表述的一段 时间状语连用。He has learnt English for six years.She has studied playing piano since 2006.,注意：含有瞬间意义的动词如join , die,leave,receive, buy arrive等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，例如： He has j
16、oined the Army for 5 years () He has been in the Army for 5 years. () It is / has been 5 years since he joined the Army.() I have received his letter for a month. （） I havent received his letter for almost a month.（ ）注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。,用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second
17、 time.the only- that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. It is the only detective novel that I have ever read.2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. This is the first time (that
18、) Ive heard him sing.,这是我看过的最好的电影。,这是我第一次听他唱歌。,现在完成进行时：表示从过去的某一时刻始，一直延续到现在的动作。强调延续过程。如： He has been working at the school for 30 years. 他一直在这个学校工作了三十年。, Hello! Can I speak to Alice? Sorry. She isnt here right now. She _ to the shop.A. goesB. will goC. has gone D. was going,C,Mr. Brown and his family
19、 have _ New York for a few weeks.A. been inB. workedC. gone toD. left for,A, He _ the English-Chinese dictionary for about twenty years, but it is still new. What a careful man!A. has boughtB. has borrowedC. has hadD. borrowed,C,小结,概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语：recently, latel
20、y, since., for., in the past few years, etc. 基本结构：havehas done否定形式：havehas notdone一般疑问句：havehas放于句首,6. 过去进行时,闪记：,基本用法,1）表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2）与表示过去的时间状语从句连用。They were still working when I left., Did you see a girl in while pass by just now? No, sir. I
21、_ a newspaper.A. Read B. was readingC. would read D. am reading,B, Were you at home at 9 oclock last night? Yes, I _ a shower at that time.A. Took B. was takingC. was taken D. am taking,B,小结,概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语：at this time yesterday，at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语从句等。基本结构：waswer
22、e doing否定形式：waswere notdoing一般疑问句：把was或were放在句首,7. 过去完成时,闪记：,基本用法,构成: had +过去分词 1) 表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻或动作之前，即“过去的过去”。在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. The train had left before I got to the station. 2)表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend,
23、mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能“ We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.,当警察到的时候，小偷已经逃跑了。,我到达车站的时候，火车已经开走了。,我们本来希望你能来的，但你没来。,3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by the end of, by the time , until , when。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a li
24、ving by himself.注意： no sooner than; hardly -when刚 就 No sooner had he bought the car than he sold it. Hardly had he arrived at the station when the telephone rang.,爱迪生十二岁的时候已经自食其力了。,他刚买那辆车就把它卖掉了。,他刚到车站电话就响了。,By the end of last year, we _ more than 2,000 words.A. learntB. have learntC. had learntD. le
25、arn,C,小结,概念：以过去某一时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。时间状语：before, by the end of last year (term, month .), etc. 基本结构：had done否定形式：had notdone一般疑问句：had放于句首,8. 过去将来时,闪记：,基本用法,1）表示过去习惯性的动作或者存在的状态。Every day, Mrs. Wang would go and talk with her students.2）用于间接引语及宾语从句中。I didnt know if she would co
26、me.,I wondered _.when will the meeting end B. when the meeting will endC. when would the meeting endD. when the meeting would end,D,小结,概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。时间状语：the next day (morning, year .), the following month (week .), etc. 基本结构：wasweregoing to do； wouldshould do否定形式：waswerenotgoing to d
27、o；wouldshould notdo一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；wouldshould提到句首,、,比较过去时与现在完成时1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调过去动作已完成；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week，ago, in 1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight,this April, now
28、, once，before, already, recently，lately现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语,3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词,有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。如： I sa
29、w this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） They have worked together for ten years (可能仍在合作，也可能刚刚结束合作） They worked together for ten years. (过去曾一起合作，但现在已不在一起工作）,练习：Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no st
30、orms. Awas called Bis called Chad been called Dhas been called2. I _ ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. A. will playB. have played C. played D. play,B,D,说明：本题的干扰源为上下文的过去时，但“被称为太平洋”是客观现状，只能用一般现在时。,说明：常识告诉我们，一个人一旦获得某种技能，一般是不会在短期内失去的，所以需用一般现在时。,3. Since I won the bi
31、g prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money. A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning 4. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly. A. is changingB. has changed C. will have changedD. will
32、 change,说明：自从我赢了大奖，人们不停地打电话来问我将怎样使用这笔钱。此处的 are phoning 表示“不停的打电话”。,说明：选择移动电话难的原因是由于科技正在飞速发展，所以要用现在进行时；况且进行时态常给人一种情感上的描述，表示说话者的一种“感慨、赞赏、愤怒、斥责”等。,D,A,5. _ my sister three times today but her line was always busy. A. Id phoned B. Ive been phoning C. Ive phoned D. I was phoning 6. - You havent been to B
33、eijing, have you? - _. How I wish to go there! A. Yes, I haveB. Yes, I havent C. No, I haveD. No, I havent,说明：此题的干扰源是后面的 was busy。今天打了三次电话是用来表示结果的，只能用现在完成时；而每次她都占线是表示过去的动作，所以用一般过去时。,说明：从补充的句子 “How I wish to go there!”可知“我”没到过北京。,C,D,7. - Hi, Tracy, you look tired. - I am tired. I _ the living room a
34、ll day. A. paintedB. had painted C. have been paintingD. have painted8. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy_ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet. A had consideredB has been considering C consideredD is going to consider,说明：这句话的意思是“我一整天都在刷起居室”，现在完成进行时表示从过去开始的一个动作一直持续到现在，而且还在进行当中。强调的是“一直在做”
35、。,C,B,说明：她“一直在考虑返校”是现在完成进行时，“还没作决定”是现在的结果。,9. - Nancy is not coming tonight. - But she _! A. promisesB. promisedC. will promise D. had promised10. My uncle _ until he was forty-five. A. married B. didnt marry C. was not marryingD. would marry,说明：Nancy 答应要来这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺。,说明：until 用在肯定句中时，主句的动词
36、必须是延续性动词，表示该动作一直持续到 until 后的时间为止；短暂性动词只能用在否定句中，表示直到此时该动作才开始。本题中 marry 是短暂性动词，所以只能用在否定句中。,B,B,被动语态, 动词语态的时态体现：,1.Bananas are grown in Hainan.(海南种植香焦。）,2.Many more trees will be planted in our school next year.（我们学校明年将种更多的树。）,3.Were the trees planted by him.这些树是他种的吗？,4.Young trees must be looked after
37、. (必须照看好小树）,5. The building is being built. (那栋楼房正在建设中。）,6.The homework has been finished yet. （家作已经做完了。）,1.He teaches English in our school.,English is taught in our school by him.,语态转换,宾提前变主，主变介by宾，被动be加done,时态看主动,2.We planted many trees last years.,Many trees were planted by us last year.,过去时的被动语
38、态： was/were+P.P,3.We should plant many more trees.,Many more trees should be planted by us.,含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be +PP,4.She will teach Class 6.,Class 6 will be taught by her.,将来时的被动语态：Will/shall+be +PP,5. Many countries have sent up satellites into space.,Satellites have been sent up into space by many
39、 countries .,完成时的被动语:Have/has+been +PP,现在进行时的被动语态：is+being+pp,6.She is teaching Class 6.,Class 6 is being taught by her.,I was given a book by her.,A book was given to me by her.,7.She gave me a book.,如 遇双宾语，最好变间宾，如若变直宾，间宾前to/for（pass,lend,buy,write,bring, show,tell）,8.He made me do the work.,I was
40、made to do the work by him.,这些动词真奇怪，主动句中to 离开，被动句中to回 来。（feel,listen to,hear,let have,make,look at,see,watch),9.They take good care of the baby.,The baby is taken good care of by them.,注意：含动词词组的被动语态，须将其看作一个整体，不可把它们分隔开来。,People say she knows five languages.,She is said to know five languages.,It is s
41、aid that she knows five languages.,We believe the book has been translated into English.,The book is believed to have been translated into English.,It is believed that the book has been translated into English.,带宾语从句的句子改为被动语态时，有两种情况：1）宾语从句的主语+be +主句谓语的过去分词+宾语从句谓语的不定式2）It +be +主句谓语的过去分词+that+原宾语从句,A
42、traffic accident _(happen) just now.,happened,2. 连系动词（Link.v.) 如：be, look, seem, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, turn, become,Peking Opera _ (sound) beautiful.,sounds,1. 不及物动词（vi.) 如:happen, take place, appear, disappear, ,不用被动语态的动词：,主动表示被动的情况,1. 当此动词表示事物的自然属性的时候:wash, write, sell, read, open, cut,
43、lock, shut, close 等,This type of recorder sells well. That kind of shirt washes very wellThe novel reads well. The door opens with difficulty. This kind of shirt cleans easilyHer coat caught in the door/ on the nailThe door wont shut. The library doesnt open.,want, need, require, deserve和be worth等词的
44、后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。The book is worth reading . The coat requires mending / to be mended. The children needs looking after / to be looked after. The table wants cleaning / to be cleaned.The thief deserves punishing / to be punished.,某些作表语(expensive, cheap, difficult, fit, hard, light, heavy, easy 等形
45、容词后，用不定式形式表示被动意义。,The box is too heavy to lift. The fish is not fit to eat. He is hard to please. The passage is difficult to read. The jewel is too expensive to buy.,Look. Mary _ a nice dog. She _ it just now.has drawn, drew B. drew, has drawnC. is drawing, drew D. is drawing, has drawn,【解析】在“Look”
46、、“Its evening”、“Where is sb. ?”等句子后面，可能要用“现在进行时”，也有可能要用“现在完成时”。要根据具体情况来具体分析，考虑问题一定要从整体情况着眼。本题后半句“just now”意为“刚才”，很明显要用“一般过去时”，因此前句如用“现在进行时”就不妥，造成句意逻辑上的错误。前句用“现在完成时”才对。所以本题答案应为“A”。,练习：,A,2. This kind of fridge _ very well. A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold,【解析】在英语中，表达某物销路不错，要用表示“特点”的“一般现在时”的主动形
47、式，而不能用“被卖”这种被动语态形式来表示。由于本句主语“this kind of fridge”是单数第三人称，所以本题答案应该选“B”。,B,3. What _ Mr. Smith? He looks worried so much. A. happens with B. happens to C. happened with D. happened to,【解析】在英语中，“发生”通常可译为“happened”或“took place”，要注意它不能变“被动语态”。本题之意是“史密斯先生出了什么事？他显得很焦虑。”因此，由题意看，这里表示事情已经发生过了，应该用“一般过去时”的“happ
48、ened to sb”固定词组来表达，所以本题答案应该选“D”。,D,4. The book _ by me. I _ it to a friend of mine already . A. is written, sent B. is written, have sent C. was written, sent D. was written, have sent,【解析】“书是被某人写的”、“书是在某地方被写的”都是表示发生在以前的动作，该用一般过去时被动语态。如果说“书是用英语写的”，那就是指书的特点了，就该用一般现在时被动语态了，排除A、B。由第二句话中的“already”可知，用完成
49、时符合题意，所以本题答案应该选“D”。,D,5. Mr. Jackson _ the city quite well since he _ in the city for a couple of years. A. knows, was B. has known, was C. knows, has been D. has known, has been,【解析】本句中的“since”不是“自从”之意，因此，前半句与后半句用“现在完成时”和“一般现在时”的形式是错误的。本句中的“since”意为“由于”，与“as”近义。根据句意，“熟悉城市”是表示杰克逊先生的“特点”，要用“一般现在时”表达；“他来到这个城市有两、三年了”是表示到现在为止的结果情况，要用“现在完成时”表达。所以本题答案应该选“C”。,C,Thank you,
