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1、,非谓语动词的翻译技巧,非谓语,不定式表将来和主动,动词ing:表进行和主动,1.在句子中充当何成分2.只跟不定式做宾语的动词3.什么情况下需用不定式做定语4.不定式省略to的情况5.不定式的复合结构6.不定式主动表被动的情况,动名词,现在分词,现在分词跟过去分词作状语,1.只跟动名词,2.动名词与不定式做主语，宾语的区别,3.begin和start后跟不定式而不跟动名词的情况,动词ed：表完成和被动,1.不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别,一、不定式与动名词做主语：1. 动名词做主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为; 不定式 做主语常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作。 e.g. Climbing mo
2、untains is great fun. 爬山很有趣。 To visit China is my next goal. 2. 不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不 定式短语后置。 e.g. It took me only five minutes to finish the job.3. 动名词作主语有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句 尾。常见于以下句型中： Its use/ good / fun Its useful/ nice/ useless e.g Its nice seeing you again.,1. Learning a language requires ti
3、me and effort. 2. It is not always easy to refuse invitations. 3. How to solve the problem will be discussed at tomorrows meeting. 4. It takes forty-five minutes to get there by bus. 5. It is no good smoking . You should give it up.,二、不定式与动名词做宾语：,1. 下列动词后常跟不定式做宾语： want, wish, hope, expect, ask, affo
4、rd, agree, choose, pretend, decide, happen, learn, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, manage, promise, intend等。e.g. He agreed to get someone to help us. They promised not to break the school rules again.,2. 在下列动词或动词短语后常用动名词做宾语： admit, advise, allow, avoid, bear, cannot help, consider, delay,
5、 enjoy, finish, give up, imagine. include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, permit, practice, resist, risk, suggest, stand, insist on, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in,
6、admit to, be/ get/ become used to, be equal to, devoteto, get down to, look forward to, object to, stick to, take to, see to, lead to, pay attention to等。,3. 有些动词既能以不定式作宾语，又能以动名词作宾语。两者意思基本相同，如：begin, start, like, hate, continue, prefer等。 但有些动词两种形式意思有很大的差别，此类动词主要有：forget, remember, stop, regret, try,
7、mean, cant help等。, stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事 try to do sth. 设法，想法， 试图 try doing sth. 试一试， 试试看 mean to do sth. 打算，想要，有的意图 mean doing sth. 意味着，意思是， cant help to do sth. 不能帮忙做某事 cant help doing sth. 禁不住做某事,1. He gave us some advice on how to learn English.,2. It s a pay day, and the
8、y are waiting to be paid.,3. I forgot to sign my name when I finished writing the composition.4. -You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret having done that. 5. She cant help to clean the house because shes busy making a cake.,三、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做表语,1. 表示一定的概念，具有
9、名词的性质时，不定式和动名 词可以互换。 e.g. My hobby is collecting/ to collect ancient coins. 2. 若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用 不定式。 e.g. My wish is to find a part-time job this summer. 3. 现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词特征,也可以 作为形容词。但要注意二者的区别 e.g. The party was very exciting. They were very excited at the news,1. Her wish is to become an
10、 engineer.2.Some peoples greatest pleasure is fishing . 3. The report was so inspiring that they were all excited. 4. -“You look pale.” -“I feel a little tired.”,四、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做定语,1. 不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示未发生的 动作或通常发生的某一动作。 e.g. The train to arrive is from London He is always the first to come and
11、the last to leave. 2. 动名词做定语往往说明所修饰词的某种用途，一般 放在被修饰词的前面。 e.g. a washing machine （动名词做定语，= a machine which is used for washing） 洗衣机 a reading room（动名词做定语，= a room which is used for reading） 阅览室,3. 现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作。过去 分词作定语则表示被动、或完成的意义。单个分词 或形容词性的分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前 面；分词短语作定语多置于被修饰词后面。 e.g. the rising s
12、un（现在分词做定语，= the sun which is rising）正在升起的太阳 the changing world（现在分词做定语，= the world which is changing）变化中的世界 a moving movie 感人的电影 excited voice激动的声音 （形容词性分词作定语） fallen leaves 落叶 a broken cup 一个破了的杯子 （过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成）,五、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做补足语,1. 在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中，不定式作宾语补足语，“宾语+不定式”构成了复合宾语。 有些动词要求不定式不带to，有些
13、要求必须带to，还有的带与不带都可以。 以下动词后常跟带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语： ask, tell, want, wish, order, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require等。e.g. The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。,2. 现在分词做补足语分两种情况： 形容词性质的现在分词作补足语： e.g. I fin
14、d the book very interesting. 我发现这本书非常有趣。（宾语补足语） The boy is found very annoying. 发现这个小男孩很令人讨厌。（主语补足语） 动词性质的现在分词作补足语：感官动词和使役动 词，如see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make, keep, get等后可以跟表示动作性质的 现在分词作补足语，表示“正在或持续做某事”。 e.g. I see him passing by a bank. 我看见他正经过一家银行。（宾语补
15、足语） He was seen working in the garden. 有人看见他正在花园里干活。（主语补足语）,3. 过去分词(done)做宾语补足语，说明宾语的性质或状态，与宾语一起构成复合宾语，其前的宾语是它的逻辑主语。 若是及物动词的过去分词，既表示被动，也可以表示动作已经完成（即先于谓语动词）。 若是不及物动词的过去分词，则只表示完成。 句子由主动变被动时，宾语补足语相应的变为主语补足语。 The boss found his plan carried out successfully. The boy was found lost in the forest. Have yo
16、u heard this song sung in Japanese? (宾补) This song is often heard sung everywhere in China. (主补),六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语,1. 不定式做状语，主要表示目的、结果、原因以及评论 性状语。 不定式往往放在系表结构后面，表示产生某种情绪或 状态的原因。 e.g. She was surprised to see Jim walk in. 看到吉姆进来，她很惊讶。 不定式可以单独作目的状语，有时为了强调目的性， 在不定式前可以加上in order, so as。 e.g. To succeed
17、, one must first of all believe in himself. In order to keep warm, we shut all the windows., 不定式表结果，常用在too to, enough to结构中。 有时不定式前加上only，表示出人意料的结果。 e.g. The child is old enough to dress himself. We hurried to the station only to be told that the train had left. The husband left his wife, never to r
18、eturn. 有些不定式是用来表示说话者的观点或态度的，放在 句子之外，修饰整个句子，我们称之为评论性状语。 e.g. I have never seen such a person, to tell you the truth. To cut a long story short, we disagree. 长话短说，我们不同意。,2. 现在分词做状语可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、方 式、目的以及作评论性状语等。 现在分词的一般式作时间状语，往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生。现在分词的完成式作时间状语，往往表示动 作先于谓语动词发生。 e.g. Hearing the news, t
19、hey all jumped for joy. Having finished his speech, he answered our questions. 作原因状语： Living far from the school, I have to get up early in the morning. 作结果状语，常位于句尾，前面的主句表示原因，后面的分词短语表示直接造成的结果。 e.g. The fire lasted a whole night, causing great damage., 作伴随或方式状语，表示与谓语动词同时发生的另一动 作。 e.g. Following Tom,
20、we started to climb. 我们跟随汤姆开始爬山。 She came riding a brand-new bike. 她骑着一辆崭新的自行车来的。 现在分词作目的状语往往具有伴随性，多放于句尾，且 与主句间用逗号隔开。 e.g. Jane kept silent, trying not to show her feelings. 作评论性状语，有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以独立存 在，它们用来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。 常见的有： generally speaking一般说来 strictly speaking严格说来 roughly speaking大致说来 narr
21、owly speaking狭义上说 judging from/ by由判断。 e.g. Judging from her accent, she must come from Australia.,3. 过去分词在句中可作时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式等 状语。 过去分词作时间状语可置于句首，也可以置于句尾， 有时还可以置于主语和谓语之间。 Asked about his address, the boy didnt respond. Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. 作原因状语，常置于句首。 Infected with the H1N1, the little boy was separated from the other children. 作条件状语： United, we stand; divided, we fall. 合则立，分则败。 作伴随或方式状语：The pop star hurried up to her car, followed by her fans.,Thanks,
