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1、SUMMARY,Scan the passage （览全文，定题材） Step1,Underline the main points and Make a sentence（划要点 成句子） Step2,Analyse the structure （析结构） Step3,Yoke the sentences to a passage（连全文）Step5,Restate the points（换表达） Step4,How to write a summary?,1SScan the passage （览全文，定题材）,Step1 Scan the passage （览全文，定题材）,1. Wha
2、t is the writing type ?,A. Narration B. Exposition(说明文）C. Argumentation(议论文）,2. Find out the repeated words and the topic of the passage?,manners; road politeness& road manners,Tip1: Key words are often repeated.,Tip1: Key words are often repeated.,Tip1: Key words are often repeated.,To inform or ex
3、plain an opinion by providing materials.,To convince the readers that the ideas are true and give suggestions.,Step1 Scan the passage （览全文,Step2 Underline the main points and make a sentence （划要点, 成句子）,tip 1: pay attention to signal words and repeated words.tip 2: Ignore detailed statistics, data,qu
4、atations and examples.,Step2 Underline the main point,Para 1,Step2 Underline the main points and make a sentence （划要点, 成句子）,It is quite reasonable to blame traffic jams, the cost of gas and the great speed of modern life, but manners on the road are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest
5、 men would become fierce tigers behind the wheel. It is all right to have a tiger in a cage, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter.,Further explanation(metaphor),Tip 1: Sentences after signal words like “but”, “however”,“actually” etc. are often the focus.,It is quite reasonable to b
6、lame the traffic jams, but road manners on the road are becoming horrible.,phenomenon,argument,Para 1Step2 Underline the main,paraphrase: 1. Use synonyms 2.Change part of speech 3.Passive to active ; vise versa 4. Summarize examples or explanations,Tip 1 Language Database,表严重的词：horrible severe / awf
7、ul/terrible表示变化的词：become get/turn into/change into,paraphrase: Tip 1 Language Dat,Prepositional phrases（介词短语）,Attributive clauses（定从）,Nonfinite verb（非谓语动词）,Adverbial clauses（状从）,Tip 1：try to use the following structures to polish your sentence.,Prepositional phrases（介词短语）Att,Step4 Restate the points
8、（换表达）,1.It is quite reasonable to blame the traffic jams, but road manners on the road are becoming horrible.,Though certain factors like traffic jams are to be blame, road manners are becoming aweful.,To blame things like traffic jams is acceptable, but road manners are getting terrible.,Summary fo
9、r para 1,People tends to have horrible manners like to blame the traffic jams while driving.,Step4 Restate the points（换表达）,Para 2,Step2 Underline the main points and make a sentence,Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense. It takes the most cool-headed drivers great patience to give
10、 up the desire to beat back when forced to face rude driving. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards reducing the possibility of quarreling and fighting. A friendly nod or a wave of thanks in answer to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of good will and become
11、s so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such behavior of politeness are by no means enough. Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.,Main point: Road politeness is not only good manner but good sense.,Minor point:1.great paticence 2.reducing the po
12、ssibility of quarreling and fighting.3.an atmosphere of good will and4.necessary in modern traffic condition,Argument,Requirement,Benefits,Necessity,Para 2Step2 Underline the main,2. Main point: Road politeness is not only good manner but good sense.Minor point:1.great paticence 2.reducing the possi
13、bility of quarreling and fighting.3.an atmosphere of good will and4.necessary in moderntraffic condition,Summary for para 2,Road politeness requires patience and contributes to a harmonious atmoshpere, which is necessary yet ignored by many drivers. Road politness requires patience to calm down and
14、helps to creat a harmonious atmoshpere ,which is necessary but neglected by many drivers.,Summary for para 2,2. Main point: Summary for par,Para 3,Step2 Underline the main points and make a sentence （划要点, 成句子）,So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more impo
15、rtant than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal, says Donahue, author
16、of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters.”,Experts argue that the quality of praise is more important than its quantity, which means not the outcome but the effort matters.,Para
17、3Step2 Underline the main,Para 4,Step2 Underline the main points and make a sentence （划要点, 成句子）,Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort
18、and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into It.,Praising childre
19、n should vary from task to task and be proportionate to their effort.,task-specificdepend entirely on the circumstances,Para 4Step2 Underline the main,Step3 Analyse the structure（析结构）,Para 1: bad effects of too much praise,Para 2: bad effects of not enough praise,Para 3: focus more on the quality of
20、 praise,Para 4: specific and proportionate praise,praise,Step3 Analyse the structure（析,Step4 Restate the points（换表达）,Paraphrase,Group work,1. Contrary to parents initial expectations, too much praise may bring bad results to kids.,2. Not enough praise is equally damaging, which makes them lack confi
21、dence to make some achievements.,3. Experts argue that the quality of praise is more important than its quantity, which means not the outcome but the effort matters.,4. Praising children should vary from person to person and be proportionate to their effort.,Step4 Restate the points（换表达）,表影响类：havea
22、harmful/ negative/damaging effecton,Tip 1 Language Database,表重要性：attach great importance to emphasize/stress the importance be of vital importance/significance. count/ matter mean a lot,表影响类：havea harmful/ negative/,Prepositional phrases（介词短语）,Attributive clauses（定从）,Nonfinite verb（非谓语动词）,Adverbial
23、clauses（状从）,Tip 1：try to use the following structures to polish your sentence.,Prepositional phrases（介词短语）Att,Step4 Restate the points（换表达）,1. Contrary to parents initial expectations, too much praise may bring bad results to kids.,Contrary to parents initial expectations, excessive praise tends to
24、have a negative effect on kids.,Overpraising from parents could contribute to bad outcomes, making children unwilling to meet challenges.,Summary for para 1,excessive praise tends to have a negative effect on kids, which is contrary to parents initial expecation of boosting their confidence.,Step4 R
25、estate the points（换表达）,Step4 Restate the points（换表达）,2. Not enough praise is equally damaging, and it makes them lack confidence to make some achievements.,Summary for para 2,Insufficient praise is equally damaging, which makes them lack confidence to make some achievements.,inadquate praise is equa
26、lly harmful, for it may destroy kids confidence to achieve more.,inadquate praise also has a negative effect on kids, causing them to lack confidence to achieve more.,Summary for para 2,Step4 Restate the points（换表达）,Step4 Restate the points（换表达）,3. Experts argue that the quality of praise is more im
27、portant than its quantity, which means not the outcome but the effort matters.,What really matters isnt quantity but quality, which means praise should concentrate on the effort of trying instead of the outcome.,Summary for para 3,Step4 Restate the points（换表达）,Step4 Restate the points（换表达）,4. Praisi
28、ng children should vary from task to task and be proportionate to their effort.,Summary for para 4,Whatever your kids effort put, the expression of praise should be varied from specific case and equal to their effort.,Based on a specific task, the expression of praise should also be proportionate to
29、 their effort.,Step4 Restate the points（换表达）,One possible version,Step5 Yoke the sentences to a passage （连全文）,Contrary to parents initial expectations, excessive praise tends to have a negative effect on kids. Likewise, inadequate praise is equally harmful, for it may destroy kids confidence to achi
30、eve more. Therefore, what really matters isnt quantity but quality, which means praise should concentrate on the effort of trying instead of the outcome. Meanwhile, based on a specific task, the expression of praise should also be proportionate to their effort. (69 words),Coherence(衔接）,One possible versionStep5 Yoke,
