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1、英国文学史与选读,通过作品找意境，通过中西文学对比，让文学课升华至文化课，让我们的学生成为自己的主人。,StructureEarly and Medieval English LiteratureRenaissance English LiteratureThe English Literature of The 17th CenturyThe English literature of The Enlightenment Age The Age of RomanticismThe Victorian AgeThe 20th-Century British poetry,Early and M
2、edieval English Literature,5 Century-1485,“Early” here means English literature in primitive and slavery society. “Medieval period” is a quite special period in English history. In Chinese “Medieval” or “The Middle Age”. The Angle-Saxons: English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlementAnglo
3、-Saxon Language (old English)BeowulfThe Norman: Feudalism, landlord & peasant began with the Norman, language greatly changed and enriched.Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table,Beowulf is considered as a national epic of the English people.,The epic poem Beowulf describes the
4、most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. It is a Denmark story which used alliteration, metaphors and understatements.,The hero, Beowulf, is a seemingly invincible person with all the extraordinary traits required of a hero. He is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his
5、 people before himself. He encounters hideous monsters and the most ferocious of beasts but he never fears the threat of death. His leadership skills are superb and he is even able to boast about all his achievements.,Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of English poetry, writer, also the outstanding En
6、glish poet before William Shakespeare. Chaucer made a crucial contribution to English literature in writing in English at a time when much court poetry was still composed in Anglo-Norman or Latin. Although he spent one of two brief periods of disfavor, Chaucer lived the whole of his life close the c
7、enters of English power.,The Canterbury tales,The Canterbury Tales is one of the landmarks of English literature, perhaps the greatest work produced in Middle English and certainly among the most ambitious. It is one of the few works of the English Middle Ages that has had a continuous history of pu
8、blication. It was the last of Geoffrey Chaucers works, written after Troilus and Creseyde during the final years of Chaucers life. However, Chaucer only completed twenty-four tales, not even completing one tale for each pilgrim.,Renaissance English Literature (15C-17C),The Renaissance sprang first i
9、n Italy in the 14 century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two feature are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. While people learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form, they caught something in spirit very differen
10、t from the medieval Catholic dogma. So the love of classics was but an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.,Another feature is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. Thin
11、kers, artists and poets arose, who gave expression, sometimes in an old guise,thou8gh,to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement, a feeling in sharp contrast with theology. Hence arose the thought of Humanism. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.,In simple terms,
12、 the Renaissance in England was caused by the spread of Renaissance learning and ideology from Italy. The Renaissance embraced not only literature, but also art and architecture. In literary terms, the study of the classical poets led not only to their translation into English but the adaptation of
13、their verse forms and systems of poetical metre, as well as the embracing of their themes and genres.,Renaissance English Literature,人文主义思想（Humanism）的核心就是强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放、现世幸福，并积极推进学术，传播科学知识和国家统一等新思想，对封建制度、宗教禁欲主义和上层僧侣的腐败虚伪则进行了无情的嘲讽与抨击。,在欧洲历史和哲学史中，人文主义主要被用来描述14到16世纪间较中世纪比较先进的思想。一般来说今天历史学家将这段时间里文化和社会上的
14、变化称为文艺复兴，而将教育上的变化运动称为人文主义。欧洲文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建的社会思潮。资产阶级人道主义的最初形式。它肯定人性和人的价值，要求享受人世的欢乐，要求人的个性解放和自由平等，推崇人的感性经验和理性思维。,The Art of Renaissance,Last Supper,最后的晚餐 （意大利） 达 芬奇画1495 - 1497年 米兰圣玛利亚格拉契修道院藏,辩论圣体圣事,拉斐尔:(1483-1520)意大利文艺复兴时期最伟大的画家之一，代表了文艺复兴时期艺术家从事理想美的事业所能达到的最高峰。,杜利圣家族,米开朗基罗博那罗蒂(1475-1564)是一位多才多艺的博学的艺
15、术大师。他集雕刻家、画家、建筑家、诗人于一身,剧院上演莎翁戏剧,Thomas More (1478-1535) Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) Francis Bacon (1561-1626) William Shakespeare（1564-1616） Ben Johnon (1572-1637),文艺复兴时期文学代表人物,Thomas More(1478-1535),He was born in a middle-class family. his father was a prominent lawyer, and later a judge. A scholar
16、 by nature ,he became a lawyer. Quite early he was elected to Parliament and he acted as the spokesman of London merchants who were on e of the principal stays of the Tudor monarchy.,Thomas Mores Utopia is one of the most influential books in the Western philosophical and literary tradition and one
17、of the supreme achievements of Renaissance humanism.More humanism. More coined the word utopia (from the Greek: no place), and his complexly ironic account of an imaginary communist society not only has given rise to the genre of utopian fiction but has been an inspiration to generations of politica
18、l reformers.,William ShakespeareAny discussion of Shakespeares life is bound to be loaded with superlatives. In the course of a quarter century, Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individually, several of them are among the worlds finest written works; taken collectively, they establis
19、h Shakespeare as the foremost literary talent of his own Elizabethan Age and, even more impressively, as a genius whose creative achievement has never been surpassed in any age.,莎士比亚故居,莎士比亚故居,1.A masterhand for every form of drama. 2.Skilled in many poetic forms, esp. sonnet 3.A great master of Engl
20、ish language 4.The summit of the English Renaissance,Contributions,The merchant of Venice As You Like I Twelfth Night Midsummer Nights Dream,Comedy,一部洋溢着青春朝气的“乐观主义的悲剧”,Romeo and Juliet,Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth,Tragedy,The Sonnets A Lovers Complaint The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Funera
21、l Elegy by W.S.,Poetry,莎士比亚“四大悲剧”中的第一部，也是他的代表作。 丹麦王子哈姆莱特的故事早见于12世纪丹麦历史学家Saxo Grammaticus写的丹麦史，后法、英两国剧作家据此改编成剧本。一般认为莎士比亚的哈姆莱特系根据同时代作家基德一部现已失传的厄哈姆莱特（Ur Hamlet）改编而来的。改编后的剧本保留了原剧本的主要框架，但却被赋予了原剧本所没有的感情深度与艺术魅力。,哈姆莱特,Hamlet is without question the most famous play in the English language. Probably written
22、in 1601 or 1602, the tragedy is a milestone in Shakespeares dramatic development; the playwright achieved artistic maturity in this work through his brilliant depiction of the heros struggle with two opposing forces: moral integrity and the need to avenge his fathers murder.,The Tragedy of Hamlet, P
23、rince of Denmark,To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them. To die: to sleep; No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache, and the thous
24、and natural shocks That flesh is heir to, tis a consummation Devoutly to be wishd. To die, to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream: aye, theres the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause: theres the respect That makes calam
25、ity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressors wrong, the proud mans contumely, The pangs of despised love, the laws delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns,That patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin
26、? who would fardels bear,To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscoverd country from whose bourn No traveler returns, puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make c
27、owards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied oer with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pitch and moment With this regard their currents turn awry And lose the name of action.,To Be Or Not To BeHamlet,十四行诗起源于13世纪的意大利，16世纪上半叶由英国诗人萨利和魏阿特引入英国，风靡一时。莎士比亚的十四行诗早在1960
28、年前发表就以手抄本的形式流传民间，其主题思想以歌颂爱情与友谊为主。这些诗共154首，分为三组。第一组（1126首）写给一位青年男子，诗人告诫他要早些结婚，生儿育女; 第二组（127152）描写一位姿色不佳的“黑肤女郎”（dark lady），诗人对他的态度是毫不掩饰的情欲；第三组（153154）与前两组毫无关系，好像是同一首诗写了两遍。在韵脚上，莎士比亚创作了自己的诗韵，即有名的莎士比亚十四行诗韵：abab, cdcd, efef, gg。,A basic form of poetry consisting of 14 lines of iambic pentameter, intricate
29、ly rhymed (abab,cdcd, efef, gg).,Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of the heaven shinesAnd often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair
30、from fair sometime declines,By chance or natures changing course untrimmed;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst;Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst:So long as a man can breathe, or eyes can see,So long
31、lives this, and this gives life to thee.,Sonnet 18,Sir Francis Bacon (later Lord Verulam and the Viscount St. Albans) was an English lawyer, statesman, essayist, historian, intellectual reformer, philosopher, and champion of modern science. Early in his career he claimed “all knowledge as his provin
32、ce” and afterwards dedicated himself to a wholesale revaluation and re-structuring of traditional learning.,Francis Bacon,Of Studies Of beauty Of friendship Of envy,Essays,Of Study (excerpt) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and
33、retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can exe-cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend t
34、oo much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning, by study; and studies thems
35、elves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and c
36、onfute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to
37、 be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.,荀子劝学,君子曰：学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝；冰，水为之，而寒于水。木直中绳，揉以为轮，其曲中规，虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砾则利。君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。 吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也。吾尝跂而望矣，不如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远。顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆 马者，非利足也，而致千里。假舟辑者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生非异也，善假于物也。 积土成山，风雨兴焉。积水成渊，蛟龙生焉。积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。
38、故不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇蟺之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。,The English Literature of The 17th Century,The Metaphysical poetsAbout the beginning of the 17th century there appeared in England a school of poets called “Metaphysicals”. The works of
39、the Metaphysical poets are characterized,generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne was the founder of the school.,John Milton (16081674) Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics and who is both a gre
40、at poet and important prose writer. Milton is the greatest English poet after Shakespeare, was the one great literary figure who want tried seriously to combine Renaissance and Reformation.,The first period (1625 to 1639)- during which time he was to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanity and Eliz
41、abethans.Works: Comus 1634 Lycidas 1638 The second period-as the spokesman of the Revolution.Works : Areopagitica 1644 Defense of the English People 1651 Second Defense of the English People 1654 The third period-after the Restoration Works : Paradise Lost 1667 Paradise Regained 1671 Samson Agonistes 1671,Paradise Lost Miltons masterpiece. It consists of 12 books, containing about ten thousand lines in blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter). Based on the Old Testament, it tells the story of Satans revolt against God, the temptation of Adam and Eve, and their expulsion from Paradise.,
