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1、,Contemporary College English 现代大学英语 基础写作（下）,Content,SummaryManuscript form/Diction/Sentences/Paragraphs/Types of WritingNarration (Units 1 3 5 7)Description (Units 2 4 6)Letters (Unit 8),Summary Writing,1.What a short piece of writing-the main facts or ideas of a story or article 2.Features :object
2、ive , complete , balanced 3.Goal to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balanced understanding of the original paper. 4.Where : examination questions newspaper or TV reports employees reports 5.Tips read & master the main ideas figure out important details not adding extra things limit t
3、he number of words preserve the mood and the tone,Gathering essential facts summarize the main idea,1.essential facts and main actions2.necessary background 3.leave out unimportant things4.indirect speech and straightforward language5.in chronological (time) order,Differences between summarizing,Dic
4、tion-figure of speechSentences-sentence types: simple, compound, complex and compound-complex; loose, periodic, balanced and parallel.Paragraphs-coherence-order: time, space, logical (least-most; most-least; obvious-subtle)Types of Writing: narrative; exposition; description; argumentation,There are
5、 many different forms of writing for different purposes,Warm Up,Is there a significant memory in your life? What is it? Try to share it with us.-writing style,Narration,1.Whatthe type of writing which tells a story: personal experience, imaginative fiction, historical narrative2.Essential elements:
6、events arranged in a chosen order told by a narrator purpose: to illustrate a point to support an idea to explain a procedure(程序,步骤) to entertain the reader/audience,Narration,3.How to write construct a topic sentence use the first person point of view present your personal experience in chronologic
7、al order select details that serve your purpose connect the details by transitions p.s. ordinary experiences are the beat sources for personal narratives,Even within each genre of writing there are different kinds of writing,Narrative,A narrative is a story developed from an event or a series of eve
8、ntsCharacter, setting and the mood are usually established at the beginning of the storyThe middle describes events in which a character deals with some kind of conflictThe end of the story or climax, tells how the conflict is resolved,Characteristics,Narrative Has a plot- beginning including an int
9、eresting setting (place, time)&characters middle end (climax),Activity 1,Check the sentences that you think would make interesting topic sentences for personal experience narrative. And explain it. (p.2),How to write a personal experience narrative,Construct a topic sentenceUse the first person poin
10、t of viewPresent it in chronological orderSelect only the detailsConnect the details by using transitions,Personal experience narrative,Narrator: first personStructure:1.beginning: topic sentence ( who, when, where, what, why, how.), describing the whole event 2. body: present the experience in chro
11、nological order ( using some transitions: afterward, later, when, soon, while, before, then.) 3. end: summarize the whole text and show the theme (p.3 exercises+reading),Activity:,Compare two passages by your peers (p.8,p.9) “Reunion with my best friend” “what a change”Which one is better?(Title, to
12、pic, structure, content, writing skill, language),Writing,List all the ideas of reunion you have experienced. Make a planDiscuss with your classmateswrite according to your plan improvedEditing,Narration -Effective sentences -action and active verbs,TIPS replace the verbs be with an action verbs don
13、t overuse the patternthere + be use the active voice (P141),Effective sentences,Coordination Subordination,coordination,It is combining two or more ideas in one sentence to create equal emphasis.You can coordinate words, phrases and clauses.Coordination of sentences is a grammatical strategy to comm
14、unicate that the ideas in two or more INDEPENDENT CLAUSES are equivalent or balanced. Coordination can produce harmony by bringing related elements together. Whenever you use the technique of coordination of sentences, make sure that it works well with the meaning you want to communicate.,Subordinat
15、ion,It is combining two or more ideas in one sentence to create unequal emphasis.To give unequal emphasis to two or more ideas, you express the major idea in an independent clause and express minor ideas in subordinate clauses, phrases or single words.,Effective sentences,1.coordination(并列),2.subord
16、ination(从属),Coordinating conjunctions: for (reason),and (addition), nor (negative choice), but (contrast), or (choice), yet (contrast), so (result or effect) Conjunctive adverbs: Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides, finallyContrast: however, still, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, n
17、onetheless, instead, otherwise, stillComparison: similarly, likewiseResult or summary: therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence, thenTime: next, then, meanwhile, finally, subsequentlyEmphasis: indeed, certainly, specificallyTransitional Phrases:Addition: in addition, equally importantContra
18、st: on the other hand, in contrast, at the same time, on the contrary, even soComparison: in the same wayConcession: of course, to be sure, certainly, granted, admittedlyExample: for example, for instance, as an illustration, namely, specifically, in factSummary/Result: in short, in brief, in summar
19、y, in conclusion, as a result, accordinglyTime/Ranking: first, second, third (), next, finally, afterwards, meanwhile, subsequently, eventually, in the first place, at the same time,Subordinating conjunctions and their meaningsTimeafter, before, once, since, until, when, whenever, while After you ha
20、ve handed in your report, you cannot revise it.Reason or Causeas, because, since Because you have handed in your report, you cannot revise it.Purpose or Resultin order that, so that, that I want to read your report so that I can evaluate it.Conditionif even, if, provided that, unless Unless you have
21、 handed in your report, you can revise it.Contrastalthough, even though, though, whereas, while Although you have handed in your report, you can ask to revise it.Choicethan, whether You took more time to revise than I did before the lab report deadline.Place or Locationwhere, wherever Wherever you s
22、ay, Ill come to hand in my report.,常见连接词Coordinators and Subordinators,To add ideas togetherAnd, also, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, too, first, second, finallyTO show emphasis and clarityAbove all, after all, in fact, particularly, that is,常见连接词Coordinators and Subordinators,To show
23、similarityLike, likewise, in the same manner, in the same way, similarlyTo show contrastAlthough, but, however, in comparison, in contrast, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, whereas, while, yet,常见连接词Coordinators and Subordinators,To express cause and effect relationshipAs, bec
24、ause, due to, for, for this reason, now that, since, owing t, as a result (consequence), accordingly, consequently, therefore, thusTo point out examplesFor example, for instance, to illustrate,常见连接词Coordinators and Subordinators,To draw a conclusion, an inference, or a summaryIn a word, in conclusio
25、n, in brief, in short, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, to sum up, thereforeTo indicate timeAt times, after, afterward, from then on, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, now, then, until, while.,Activity 1,P140 exercises.Correct faulty coordination or subordination in the following sentences.
26、 P.13,Read and Compare,the two readings from your peers (p18-19)my first experience with death, my first part time job.find out the phrases or words of coordination and subordination as much as possible.Analyzing “experience” in terms of who experience, What is the experience, what is the lesson of
27、the experience.,Narration-to describe a person,1.focus on the main character2.briefly describe the main character3.describe an incident to display the character and personality4.conclude with a remark about the implies,Discussion,Discuss in your group about the following topic:My firstAccording to w
28、hat you discussed, write a composition.Assignment: P14课外阅读 P16背诵,Narration -Major types of point of view,Point of view-the perspective(观点),Narration,The third person point of view,the objective/dramatic 只叙述故事,不描写心理,the limited omniscient(=all knowing)/limited 仅描写其中一个角色心理,the omniscient 所有,showing &
29、telling,Short historical narratives,1.be brief account of,a persons life,the history of a family,the establishment & development of an organization,Short historical narratives,2. basic structure,Conclude with,Open with,provide,a brief introduction(name,date of birth, birth place),a brief account of
30、major phrases(turning point, achievement),a remark or two,Short historical narratives,3.summary paragraphs,Paragraph Writing,1.What a number of sentences-develop an idea2.Structure topic sentence & supporting details a single point a discussible point dont be too narrow(狭窄) or too broad(宽泛),Paragrap
31、h unity (一致性),1.What sentences that explain or support the general statement2.How begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence stick and prove this single point ,not only repeat it link words,Paragraph coherence(连贯性),1.What every sentences after the first is connect to the one b
32、efore it, to topic sentence, or to both2.How clear order (顺序) correct pronouns link words and expressions,Interesting paragraph,Interesting paragraph,Interesting topic sentence,Enough details,Surroundings,appearances,actions,And so on.,Surroundings,appearances,actions,Surroundings,appearances,And so
33、 on.,actions,Surroundings,appearances,Surroundings,appearances,actions,Surroundings,appearances,And so on.,actions,Surroundings,appearances,3.parallelism(平行结构,排比),grammatical,equal,parallelism,coordination,所有平行结构都是并列结构,words phrases clauses,4.variety How vary sentence opening use a variety of senten
34、ce structure invert sentences occasionally Tips put an verb before the subject put the verb or direct object before the subject begin the sentence with a prepositional or an infinitive phrase begin the sentence with a subordinate clause,5.conciseness -be brief unnecessary words 1) cut out unnecessar
35、y repetition empty phrase 2) use appropriate(合适的) language,6.emphasis -emphasize your point coordination 并列结构 subordination 从属结构 sentence ending 强调末尾 parallelism 平行结构 active verb choosing the right subject,Description,Basic Writing (2)Essay Writing,Contents,1. What is descriptive writing?2. Why do w
36、e use descriptive writing? 3. How to write description4. Assignment,DeliciousTastyYummyGoodFinger-licking good,What is descriptive writing?,A sentence definition of description:Description is to paint in the mind of the reader an image or a series of images by means of language.,Why do we use descri
37、ptive writing?,The purpose of a purely descriptive essay is to 1. involve the reader enough so he or she can actually visualize the things being described. 2. make narration or exposition more lively, colorful and exciting when combined with them.,How to develop an essay of description effectively?,
38、1. A descriptive essay is generally developed through sensory details.The impressions of ones sensessight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.,What makes good descriptive writing?,Sensory Details (Asking questions):SightSoundSmell Colors?Loud/Soft?Sweet/Sour?Shapes?Piercing/soothing?Sharp/mild?Sizes?C
39、ontinuous/on and off?Good? (Like what?)Patterns?Pleasant/unpleasant?Bad? (Rotten?)Shiny/dull?Does it sound likeNew? (Like what?Does it anything else? leather?look like plastic?)anythingOld? else?Does it smell likeanything else?from Susan Ankers Real Writing with Readings (2001),What makes good descr
40、iptive writing?,Sensory Details (Asking questions):TastesTouch Good?Hard/Soft?(What does goodLiquid/Solid? taste like?)Rough/Smooth?Bad?Hot/Cold?(What does badDry/Oily? taste like?)Textures?Bitter/Sugary?Does it feel like something else?Metallic?Burning?/Spicy?Does it taste like anything else?from S
41、usan Ankers Real Writing with Readings (2001),Types of description,Objective description-record details without making any personal comment.Subjective description-the writer is free to interpret details for the reader/ audience.Note: Few descriptions outside of science writing, however, are complete
42、ly objective.,Ways to develop a description essay,Through the impressions of ones senses-sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touchUsing spatial order: describing the physical layout of the place(leftright, bottom top, clockwise/counterclockwise, insideoutside)Using chronological orderUse specific word
43、sDecide on the dominant impression,Dominant Impression for Good Description,Decide on a dominant impression-an overall attitude, mood or feeling about the place you are describing(the hustle and bustle of a market place, a haunted castle, a breathtaking scenery spot),How to develop an essay of descr
44、iption effectively?,2. A descriptive essay has one, clear dominant impression.E.g. describing a snowfall- let your reader know if it is threatening or lovely, dangerous or peaceful; ,What Is the Dominant Impression in the Following Photos?,What Is the Dominant Impression in the Following Photos?,Gen
45、eral and Specific Words for Good Description,Specific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words. Compare:a good mankind, honest, just, generous, sympathetic, warm-hearted, selfless, brave, honorablegood foodtasty, de
46、licious, nourishing, rich, wholesome, fresh, appetizing, abundant Housemansion, villa（别墅）, chateau（庄园）, cottage, bungalow（平房）, cabin, hut, shack, shanty, barn(仓房）,General and Specific Words for Good Description,PracticeEg. Laugh :smile, grin, chortle, guffaw, sneer, titter, giggleCry: sob, weep, blu
47、bber, snivel, howl, bawl, wail, moan, Animal:Flower : Wind :RainTree :Walk:Angry:Look at:,General and Specific Words for Good Description,General: It is often windy and dusty here in spring.Specific: In spring there is often a very strong northwest wind. It carries so much fine dust with it that som
48、etimes the sun becomes obscure. There is no escape from the fine dust; it gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair. It goes through the cracks of closed windows and covers your desks and chairs.,General and Specific Words for Good Description,General: The room was a mess. Specifi
49、c: As I walked into the room I could barely find a clean place to step. There were clothes all over the floor, along with papers, books, and possibly what looked like an old, moldy sandwich. The stench was unbearable.,General and Specific Words for Good Description,General :I love the smell of sunsh
50、ine. Specific: ?Your turn,Describing a place,Describing a Place,Places may be described for their own sake, as in essays on visits to famous scenic places, but also for the purpose of revealing the personality and character of a person, or creating a feeling or mood.Eg. A clean and tidy room might s
