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1、CHAPTER 2 B-7CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE FINANCEAnswers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions1.Capital budgeting (deciding whether to expand a manufacturing plant), capital structure (deciding whether to issue new equity and use the proceeds to retire outstanding debt), and worki
2、ng capital management (modifying the firms credit collection policy with its customers).2.Disadvantages: unlimited liability, limited life, difficulty in transferring ownership, hard to raise capital funds. Some advantages: simpler, less regulation, the owners are also the managers, sometimes person
3、al tax rates are better than corporate tax rates.3.The primary disadvantage of the corporate form is the double taxation to shareholders of distributed earnings and dividends. Some advantages include: limited liability, ease of transferability, ability to raise capital, unlimited life, and so forth.
4、4.The treasurers office and the controllers office are the two primary organizational groups that report directly to the chief financial officer. The controllers office handles cost and financial accounting, tax management, and management information systems, while the treasurers office is responsib
5、le for cash and credit management, capital budgeting, and financial planning. Therefore, the study of corporate finance is concentrated within the treasury groups functions.5.To maximize the current market value (share price) of the equity of the firm (whether its publicly-traded or not).6.In the co
6、rporate form of ownership, the shareholders are the owners of the firm. The shareholders elect the directors of the corporation, who in turn appoint the firms management. This separation of ownership from control in the corporate form of organization is what causes agency problems to exist. Manageme
7、nt may act in its own or someone elses best interests, rather than those of the shareholders. If such events occur, they may contradict the goal of maximizing the share price of the equity of the firm.7.A primary market transaction.8.In auction markets like the NYSE, brokers and agents meet at a phy
8、sical location (the exchange) to match buyers and sellers of assets. Dealer markets like NASDAQ consist of dealers operating at dispersed locales who buy and sell assets themselves, communicating with other dealers either electronically or literally over-the-counter.9.Such organizations frequently p
9、ursue social or political missions, so many different goals are conceivable. One goal that is often cited is revenue minimization; i.e., provide whatever goods and services are offered at the lowest possible cost to society. A better approach might be to observe that even a not-for-profit business h
10、as equity. Thus, one answer is that the appropriate goal is to maximize the value of the equity.10.Presumably, the current stock value reflects the risk, timing, and magnitude of all future cash flows, both short-term and long-term. If this is correct, then the statement is false.11.An argument can
11、be made either way. At the one extreme, we could argue that in a market economy, all of these things are priced. There is thus an optimal level of, for example, ethical and/or illegal behavior, and the framework of stock valuation explicitly includes these. At the other extreme, we could argue that
12、these are non-economic phenomena and are best handled through the political process. A classic (and highly relevant) thought question that illustrates this debate goes something like this: “A firm has estimated that the cost of improving the safety of one of its products is $30 million. However, the
13、 firm believes that improving the safety of the product will only save $20 million in product liability claims. What should the firm do?”12.The goal will be the same, but the best course of action toward that goal may be different because of differing social, political, and economic institutions.13.
14、The goal of management should be to maximize the share price for the current shareholders. If management believes that it can improve the profitability of the firm so that the share price will exceed $35, then they should fight the offer from the outside company. If management believes that this bid
15、der or other unidentified bidders will actually pay more than $35 per share to acquire the company, then they should still fight the offer. However, if the current management cannot increase the value of the firm beyond the bid price, and no other higher bids come in, then management is not acting i
16、n the interests of the shareholders by fighting the offer. Since current managers often lose their jobs when the corporation is acquired, poorly monitored managers have an incentive to fight corporate takeovers in situations such as this.14.We would expect agency problems to be less severe in other
17、countries, primarily due to the relatively small percentage of individual ownership. Fewer individual owners should reduce the number of diverse opinions concerning corporate goals. The high percentage of institutional ownership might lead to a higher degree of agreement between owners and managers
18、on decisions concerning risky projects. In addition, institutions may be better able to implement effective monitoring mechanisms on managers than can individual owners, based on the institutions deeper resources and experiences with their own management. The increase in institutional ownership of s
19、tock in the United States and the growing activism of these large shareholder groups may lead to a reduction in agency problems for U.S. corporations and a more efficient market for corporate control.15.How much is too much? Who is worth more, Jack Welch or Tiger Woods? The simplest answer is that t
20、here is a market for executives just as there is for all types of labor. Executive compensation is the price that clears the market. The same is true for athletes and performers. Having said that, one aspect of executive compensation deserves comment. A primary reason executive compensation has grow
21、n so dramatically is that companies have increasingly moved to stock-based compensation. Such movement is obviously consistent with the attempt to better align stockholder and management interests. In recent years, stock prices have soared, so management has cleaned up. It is sometimes argued that m
22、uch of this reward is simply due to rising stock prices in general, not managerial performance. Perhaps in the future, executive compensation will be designed to reward only differential performance, i.e., stock price increases in excess of general market increases.CHAPTER 2 B-13CHAPTER 2FINANCIAL S
23、TATEMENTS, TAXES AND CASH FLOWAnswers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions1.Liquidity measures how quickly and easily an asset can be converted to cash without significant loss in value. Its desirable for firms to have high liquidity so that they have a large factor of safety in meetin
24、g short-term creditor demands. However, since liquidity also has an opportunity cost associated with itnamely that higher returns can generally be found by investing the cash into productive assetslow liquidity levels are also desirable to the firm. Its up to the firms financial management staff to
25、find a reasonable compromise between these opposing needs.2.The recognition and matching principles in financial accounting call for revenues, and the costs associated with producing those revenues, to be “booked” when the revenue process is essentially complete, not necessarily when the cash is col
26、lected or bills are paid. Note that this way is not necessarily correct; its the way accountants have chosen to do it.3.Historical costs can be objectively and precisely measured whereas market values can be difficult to estimate, and different analysts would come up with different numbers. Thus, th
27、ere is a tradeoff between relevance (market values) and objectivity (book values).4.Depreciation is a non-cash deduction that reflects adjustments made in asset book values in accordance with the matching principle in financial accounting. Interest expense is a cash outlay, but its a financing cost,
28、 not an operating cost.5.Market values can never be negative. Imagine a share of stock selling for $20. This would mean that if you placed an order for 100 shares, you would get the stock along with a check for $2,000. How many shares do you want to buy? More generally, because of corporate and indi
29、vidual bankruptcy laws, net worth for a person or a corporation cannot be negative, implying that liabilities cannot exceed assets in market value.6.For a successful company that is rapidly expanding, for example, capital outlays will be large, possibly leading to negative cash flow from assets. In
30、general, what matters is whether the money is spent wisely, not whether cash flow from assets is positive or negative.7.Its probably not a good sign for an established company, but it would be fairly ordinary for a start-up, so it depends.8. For example, if a company were to become more efficient in
31、 inventory management, the amount of inventory needed would decline. The same might be true if it becomes better at collecting its receivables. In general, anything that leads to a decline in ending NWC relative to beginning would have this effect. Negative net capital spending would mean more long-
32、lived assets were liquidated than purchased.9.If a company raises more money from selling stock than it pays in dividends in a particular period, its cash flow to stockholders will be negative. If a company borrows more than it pays in interest, its cash flow to creditors will be negative.10.The adj
33、ustments discussed were purely accounting changes; they had no cash flow or market value consequences unless the new accounting information caused stockholders to revalue the derivatives.Solutions to Questions and ProblemsNOTE: All end of chapter problems were solved using a spreadsheet. Many proble
34、ms require multiple steps. Due to space and readability constraints, when these intermediate steps are included in this solutions manual, rounding may appear to have occurred. However, the final answer for each problem is found without rounding during any step in the problem.Basic1.To find owners eq
35、uity, we must construct a balance sheet as follows:Balance SheetCA$5,000CL$4,300NFA 23,000LTD13,000OE ?TA$28,000TL & OE$28,000We know that total liabilities and owners equity (TL & OE) must equal total assets of $28,000. We also know that TL & OE is equal to current liabilities plus long-term debt p
36、lus owners equity, so owners equity is:OE = $28,000 13,000 4,300 = $10,700NWC = CA CL = $5,000 4,300 = $700 2.The income statement for the company is:Income StatementSales$527,000Costs 280,000Depreciation 38,000EBIT$209,000Interest 15,000EBT$194,000Taxes(35%) 67,900Net income$126,1003.One equation f
37、or net income is: Net income = Dividends + Addition to retained earnings Rearranging, we get:Addition to retained earnings = Net income Dividends = $126,100 48,000 = $78,1004.EPS= Net income / Shares = $126,100 / 30,000 = $4.20 per shareDPS= Dividends / Shares = $48,000 / 30,000 = $1.60 per share5.T
38、o find the book value of current assets, we use: NWC = CA CL. Rearranging to solve for current assets, we get:CA = NWC + CL = $900K + 2.2M = $3.1MThe market value of current assets and fixed assets is given, so:Book value CA = $3.1M Market value CA = $2.8MBook value NFA= $4.0M Market value NFA = $3.
39、2MBook value assets= $3.1M + 4.0M = $7.1M Market value assets = $2.8M + 3.2M = $6.0M6.Taxes = 0.15($50K) + 0.25($25K) + 0.34($25K) + 0.39($273K 100K) = $89,7207.The average tax rate is the total tax paid divided by net income, so:Average tax rate = $89,720 / $273,000 = 32.86%.The marginal tax rate i
40、s the tax rate on the next $1 of earnings, so the marginal tax rate = 39%.8.To calculate OCF, we first need the income statement:Income StatementSales$13,500Costs 5,400Depreciation 1,200EBIT$6,900Interest 680Taxable income$6,220Taxes (35%) 2,177Net income$4,043OCF = EBIT + Depreciation Taxes = $6,90
41、0 + 1,200 2,177 = $5,9239.Net capital spending = NFAend NFAbeg + Depreciation= $4.7M 4.2M + 925K = $1.425M10.Change in NWC = NWCend NWCbeg Change in NWC = (CAend CLend) (CAbeg CLbeg)Change in NWC = ($1,720 1,180) ($1,600 940) Change in NWC = $540 660 = $12011.Cash flow to creditors = Interest paid N
42、et new borrowing = $340K (LTDend LTDbeg) Cash flow to creditors = $340K ($3.1M 2.8M) = $340K 300K = $40K12.Cash flow to stockholders = Dividends paid Net new equity Cash flow to stockholders = $600K (Commonend + APISend) (Commonbeg + APISbeg) Cash flow to stockholders= $600K ($820K + 6.8M) ($855K +
43、7.6M)Cash flow to stockholders= $600K $7.62M 8.455M = $235KNote, APIS is the additional paid-in surplus.13.Cash flow from assets = Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to stockholders = $40K 235K = $195KCash flow from assets = $195K = OCF Change in NWC Net capital spending = OCF ($165K) 760K = $195K O
44、perating cash flow = $195K 165K + 760K = $400KIntermediate14.To find the OCF, we first calculate net income.Income StatementSales$145,000 Costs 86,000 Depreciation 7,000Other expenses 4,900 EBIT$47,100Interest 15,000 Taxable income$32,100 Taxes (34%) 12,840Net income $19,260 Dividends $8,700 Additio
45、ns to RE$10,560a. OCF = EBIT + Depreciation Taxes = $47,100 + 7,000 12,840 = $41,260b. CFC = Interest Net new LTD = $15,000 $6,500 = $21,500. Note that the net new long-term debt is negative because the company repaid part of its long- term debt.c. CFS = Dividends Net new equity = $8,700 6,450 = $2,
46、250d. We know that CFA = CFC + CFS, so:CFA = $21,500 + 2,250 = $23,750 CFA is also equal to OCF Net capital spending Change in NWC. We already know OCF. Net capital spending is equal to: Net capital spending = Increase in NFA + Depreciation = $5,000 + 7,000 = $12,000. Now we can use:CFA = OCF Net ca
47、pital spending Change in NWC $23,750 = $41,260 12,000 Change in NWC. Solving for the change in NWC gives $5,510, meaning the company increased its NWC by $5,510.15.The solution to this question works the income statement backwards. Starting at the bottom: Net income = Dividends + Addition to ret. earnings
