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1、英语应用文写作,英语句子（Sentences） 英语段落（Paragraphs） 英语篇章（Essay）,写作基础知识 (Basic Writing Skills),第一节 英语句子 (Sentences),1.1.1.英语基本句型1.1.2.英语句子种类1.1.3.有效句子,1.1.1.英语基本句型 （Basic Elements of a Sentence）,英语句子的主要构成成份有：S = Subject 主语V = Verb 动词 O = Object 宾语 C = Complement 补语 A = Adverbial 状语,英语的七种基本句型：SV: 主谓SVO: 主谓宾SVC:
2、主谓补SVA: 主谓状SVOO: 主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾SVOC: 主谓宾补SVOA: 主谓宾状,此外还有比较常用的There be 句型， 表示“存在，有”,SV: The sun is shining.SVO: You should also consider this. SVC: The apple tastes good.SVA: I was at college.SVOO: Living at college gives me a sense of responsibility. SVOC: That makes me responsible for my own life. SV
3、OA: You can put the dish on the table.There be：There are friendly people around to talk with.,Samples,Your dinner seems ready. ( )I must send my parents a Christmas card. ( )That class interested me. ( )My school is on the next street. ( )Many students find that book very helpful. ( )You may put you
4、r umbrella under the table. ( )She was smiling. ( )We have made her the head of our group. ( ),同步练习Now read the following sentences and tell which clause type they belong to.,SVC,SVOO,SVO,SVA,SVOC,SVOA,SV,SVOC,1.1.2.英语句子种类（Types of Sentences） 1.句子按其用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、 祈使句、感叹句2.句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句,陈
5、述句（Declarative Sentence): a declarative sentence makes a positive or negative statement Our warehouses have limited facilities. He is not the rival in negotiation.疑问句 (Interrogative Sentence): a interrogative sentence asks a question. Will you please pay your prompt attention to this matter? (Genera
6、l Question),Example,我们的仓库设施很有限。,他不是谈判对手。,Example,对此问题，请及时加以注意。,Example,How old are you? (Special Question) Is the delegation leaving today or tomorrow? (Alternative Question) You didnt go to Shanghai, did you? (Tag Question)祈使句(Imperative Sentence): an imperative sentence expresses a command or a re
7、quest. Please think over the local tax rate. Dont open the door.感叹句( Exclamatory Sentence): an exclamatory sentence shows a strong feeling or emotion. What a lever boy he is! How careless she is!,Example,Example,Example,简单句（Simple Sentence): a simple sentence is one that consists of a single indepen
8、dent clause. We would appreciate a prompt reply. 并列句（Compound Sentence): a compound sentence is one that contains two or more independent clauses. I have finished the work, but there is still much to do.,Example,Example,复合句（Complex Sentence): a complex sentence is one that contains one independent c
9、lause and one or more subordinate or dependent clauses. I was reading a book when he came. 并列复合句（Compound-complex Sentence): a compound- complex sentence is one that contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause. In other words, it is a combination of a compound and a complex
10、sentence She wears a red dress when she is in good mood, but she wears a blue one when she is in bad mood.,Example,Example,1.1.3.有效句子(Effective Sentences) 什么是有效句子？有效句子就是好句子。好句子除了语法结构正确外，必须思想完整，表达准确，生动形象，才能有效地表达作者的思想。那么如何写出好句子即有效句子呢？应遵循以下几点：,完整的句子 (Completeness)清晰的句子 (Clarity)简洁的句子 (Conciseness)平行结构的
11、句子（Parallelism) 5. 灵活多变的句子 (Variety),1.写完整的句子 (Completeness) 一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也包括意义上的完整。(1) 结构上的完整,Sentence Completeness,Wrong: My name Helen.,汉语句子可以不用动词，主语也可以省略，而英语句子一般需要有主语和谓语动词才算完整。再者，与汉语不同，英语句子中及物动词的宾语不能省略。我们还可以用that、who或because之类的词把小句子连在一起，组成大句子。例如：,Wrong: They eat rice, and we eat, too.,Correc
12、t: My name is Helen.,Correct: They eat rice, and we eat rice, too.,Example,Wrong: Friendly people, another thing I like about college.,Correct: Friendly people, thats another thing I like about college.,Wrong: Some people have a natural ability to learn languages quickly. Because they know how to li
13、sten.,Correct: Some people have a natural ability to learn languages quickly because they know how to listen.,None of the following sentences are complete. Make necessary corrections to make them complete.,1. I dislike dogs because very smelly (气味难闻).,2. The dogs always noisy and try to jump on me w
14、hen I go to visit.,-I dislike dogs because they are very smelly.,-The dogs are always noisy and try to jump on me when I go to visit them.,3. Ways of naming new babies different around the world.,-Ways of naming new babies are different around the world.,同步练习,4. In Guangzhou is hotter than in Beijin
15、g.,5. Dogs love to play with sticks. For example, go to get a stick if you throw it.,-In Guangzhou, it is hotter than in Beijing.,-Dogs love to play with sticks. For example, they go to get a stick if you throw it.,-Its too cold in this room.,6. Is too cold in this room.,7. Because we dont have enou
16、gh time to take care of a pet.,8. A book that you like.,- That is a book that you like.,-Because we dont have enough time to take care of a pet, we dont keep one.,简单陈述句的语序（Word order in Simple Statements）,bought,a hat,yesterday,The children,ran,home,The driver,shouted at,me,angrily,The car,stopped,s
17、uddenly,Jack,read,the book,quietly,in hisroom,allafternoon,名，代，数，短语，从句,谓语动词,名，代宾，数，短语，从句,副词，相当于副词，短语和从句,I,They,are sitting,behind me,1.The film I enjoyed yesterday2. A tree in the corner of the garden he planted.3.This morning a book I from the library borrowed4. A new school built they in our villa
18、ge last year.,I,enjoyed,the film,yesterday,He,planted,a tree,In the cornerof the garden,I,borrowed,a book,from the library,this morning,They,built,a new school,in our village,last year,exercise,这家公司去年非法在我们村建立了一家化学工厂。 This company built a chemical factory illeagelly in our villiage last year. 今天早上这个小
19、男孩在厨房里贪婪地吃了一个苹果。The little boy ate an apple greedily in the kitchen this morning 午饭前他在办公室里很快读了信。He read the letter quickly in his office Before lunch.我们耐心地在机场等候了整个下午就是为了能看到麦克本人.We waited patiently at the airport all the afternoon inorderto have a look at Mike简出于她父母的意愿，来到中国探望她失散已久的舅。Jane came to Chin
20、a to visit her long-lost uncle because of her parentswill.,(2)意义上的完整 意义上的完整指句意要完整。它至少是一个简单句，只能有一个中心思想。请看下列句子： a. We are going to meet Jean Harris, and she is a professor of English literature.Jim is one of the fastest runners.Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist, and he won the Nobel Prize for
21、Literature in 1954.,Example,以上三个句子都不符合句子只有一个中心思想这一要求，句意不完整。可作如下修改：a. We are going to meet Jean Harris, and she is a professor of English literature.修改： We are going to meet Jean Harris, who is a professor of English literature.,Jim is one of the fastest runners.修改： Jim is one of the fastest runners
22、of our school.Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist, and he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.修改： Ernest Hemingway, an American novelist, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.,2.写清晰的句子 (Clarity) 写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。 (1) 缺乏必要的细节。 简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：a. H
23、e loves sports much more than his sister.b. When a person gets married, you take on new responsibilities.c. The city has about one million.,a句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动”，也可以理解为“他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹”。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句的后半部补上相应的谓语：修改： He loves sports much more than his sister does. 或：He loves sports much more than he loves
24、 his sister.,b. When a person gets married, you take on new responsibilities. b句中的a person和you 指代不明。应改为：When a person gets married, he takes on new responsibilities.(泛指) 或：When you get married, you take on new responsibilities. (特指) c. The city has about one million. c句中，“one million”究竟指什么，缺乏必要的细节说明
25、，应改为： 修改： The city has a population of one million.,(2) 缺乏连贯性。 一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费解，妨碍思维。 为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短语、从句等）。例如： Some people can not distinguish between colors .they are said to be color-blinded. 此句将其中一句改成定语从句应该为：Some people who can not
26、distinguish between colors are said to be color-blinded.,b. He found the kitchen window open. He put a ladder against the window. He climbed in.此句子可改为：Finding the kitchen window open, he put a ladder against it and climbed in.,(3) 随意转换。 英语句子的时态、语态、语气等在句中必须保持一致，随意转换往往造成句子意思模糊不清。 时态的随意转换。They did not
27、know when they will go to the Great Wall. 应改为： They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall.,b. He worked late into the night yesterday but gets up early this morning. 应改为：b. He worked late into the night yesterday but got up early this morning., 语态和主语的随意转换。He was running very hard in the
28、race and his ankle was broken. 应改为： He was running very hard in the race and broke his ankle.,b. The teacher left the classroom after the lecture was finished. 应改为： The teacher left the classroom after he finished the lecture. 或： Having finished the lecture, the teacher left the classroom.,c. She re
29、viewed the lessons and all the exercises assigned by the teacher were done.应改为： She reviewed the lessons and did all the exercises assigned by the teacher.,语气随意转换。a. First stop the noise and then you may start discussion. 应改为： First stop the noise and then start discussion.,b. Students should learn
30、to solve problems independently. Dont rely on your parents help. 应改为：b. Students should learn to solve problems independently. They should not rely on their parents help., 人称和数的随意转换。 a. If one has talents, we will be likely to succeed. 应改为： If one has talents, one will be likely to succeed. 或: If we
31、 have talents, we will be likely to succeed.,b. If a person is selfish, they will have few friends. 应改为：b. If a person is selfish, he will have few friends., 代词指代不明。The pollution in this area is serious; they should do something about it.应改为： The pollution in this area is serious; the government sho
32、uld do something about it.,同步练习:Correct the following sentences if necessary,There are always a lot of good news over the radio.Each of the plans has its advantage.Either you or I are to clean the room.All those who want to go on the trip should get his equipment ready immediately.,is,am,their,5. Pa
33、id little attention to his table manners.6.The teacher giving such a hard exam.,-He paid little attention to his table manners. (add a subject),- The teacher is giving such a hard exam.(add a helping verb),7.When only five years old, my father took me to a circus(杂技团).,_ When only five years old, I
34、was taken to a circus by my father._ When I was only five years old, my father took me to a circus.,8. A car drove down the street decked with ribbon. （用缎带装饰起来的）_ A car decked with ribbon drove down the street.(Misplaced modifier误置修饰语）,3.写简洁的句子 (Conciseness) 简洁就是用尽可能少的词表达尽可能充分的意思。在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用词的地
35、方，不用短语；在能用短语的地方不用句子。,比较下列两个句子：a. He expresses a number of clever expressions much to the audiences delight.He delighted the audience with his clever expressionsb. This morning I went to the classroom, when I got there, I saw many people in the classroom.This morning I went to the classroom and saw m
36、any people there.,要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点：(1) 避免重复意义相同的词。a. It was blue in color.b. It was small in size.c. In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible.d. Mary is a quiet and careful woman. 以上划线部分都属于意义重复，应去掉。,又如： He gave many reasons for his failure, but the reasons he gave were not convincing.应改为： He gave
37、many reasons for his failure, but none of them was convincing.,Example,(2) 避免使用累赘的词。累赘的词指的是拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆的词或词组。例如：She was told of the fact that eating junk food might harm her health.b. Mrs. Smith likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France.c. There are some students who cheat in exams.
38、以上划线部分都是累赘的词，应去掉。,同步练习,The chairman will give up his job next year because of old age.-The chairman will retire next year.,The woman who is dressed in black over there is the person who is now in charge of our sales department.-The woman in black over there is the manager of our sales department.,4.
39、写平行结构的句子（Parallelism) 在一个句子中，有几个表达相近或相对意义的并列成分时，应该使用词性一致的排比结构，这就是写作中的平行结构原则。两三个词性相同的词连成一串，形成平行结构。这种结构能使句子显得严谨，层次分明，增强感染力。例如：,Example,a. The article is short, informative, and reading it was easy,应该为：The article is short, informative, and easy to read. (three adjectives),b. Knowing what to do and to
40、do it well will bring you success.,应该为Knowing what to do and doing it well will bring you success. (two gerund phrases),再看下例： In summary, I do like a lot of things about college, as I said beforebeing on my own, talking with friendly people, having Fridays off. (这里是3个动名词短语并列。),同步练习1.She spends her f
41、ree time reading, listening to music, and she works in the garden.She spends her free time reading, listening to music and working in the garden.,2. The teacher told us that we should read our text and to write a short review of it. The teacher told us that we should read our text and write a short
42、review of it. Or: The teacher told us to read our text and write a short review of it.,3. Mr. Butler is a man of wide experience and who is very popular with his co-workers. Mr. Butler is a man of wide experience and great popularity among his co-workers.,4. Would you prefer to go for a walk outside
43、 or staying indoors?,Would you prefer to go for a walk outside or stay indoors?,5. Please clean the kitchen, the heat must turn down, and lock the doors.,Please clean the kitchen, turn down the heat, and lock the doors.,6. The manager told Henry that he had only two choices: to work harder or leavin
44、g the company.,The manager told Henry that he had only two choices: to work harder or to leave the company.,7. My best friend is honest, clever, and works hard., My best friend is honest, clever, and hard-working.,8. After the long trip, I was tired out, thirsty, and wanted to eat.,After the long tr
45、ip, I was tired out, thirsty, and hungry.,5.写灵活多变的句子 (Variety) 要使文章生动吸引人，写作时要经常变换句型和句子结构。(1) 句子开头多样化, 分词或分词短语开头。a. We reached our destination exhausted.应该为：Exhausted, we reached our destination.b. I finished my homework and began to review the lessons.应该为： Having finished my homework, I began to rev
46、iew the lessons., 形容词开头。He was intelligent and hard-working, and he graduated with honors.应该为： Intelligent and hard-working, he graduated with honors., 介词短语开头。a. The girl was in despair and turned to her friends for help.应该为： In despair, the girl turned to her friends for help., 不定式短语开头。a. He worked
47、 hard day and night to pass the exams.应该为：To pass the exams, he worked hard day and night.b. He spoke slowly and emphatically to make everything clear.应该为： To make everything clear, he spoke slowly and emphatically.,(2) 句型多样化。 用排比句、修辞疑问句、倒装句等多样化的句型能增添语言的渲染力，增加文章的艺术色彩。例如： a. The more we get together,
48、 the happier well be. b. Why is it that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel?,Example,再如: 美国黑人“民权运动”领袖马丁路德金（Martin Luther King）著名的演说我有一个梦想（I have a dream）。这份演讲气势如虹，感情充沛，鼓动性强。其中非常重要的原因是运用了一些比喻、排比的修辞手法和句型，增添了语言的渲染力及文章的艺术色彩。 例如 “I have a dream that one day”。,Example,I have a dream th
49、at one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.,I have a dream by Martin Luther King,我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的；人人生而平等。”,I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia,
50、the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.,我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。,I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their s
