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1、高等院校研究生英语系列教材,综合教程（上）INTEGRATED COURSE,Unit 7,Exploring Human Nature,Content,Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final Project,Task 1 What distinguishes human beings from other animals? Work with your partner to list the behavior that is unique to human bein
2、gs, that is unique to other animals and that they have in common. (P191),Starting out,Based on what youve listed above, discuss with your partner the differences between human beings and other animals in terms of their nature and instincts. (P191),Starting out- Task 1,Reference:Animal instinct is ru
3、led by desires, emotions and needs that have to be fulfilled regardless of the time and place. While human nature, which is also driven by those needs, emotions and desires, is mostly controlled by brain, which is related to logic, morals, backgrounds, religions, etc. When control is not present, ou
4、r nature is basically nothing but animal instinct.,Task 2 The following viewpoints concerning human nature were contended by three prominent philosophers in ancient China. Who do you agree with? Do you agree completely or partly? Give specific examples to support your opinion. (P191),Starting outTas
5、k 2,Confucius: humans (or at least male humans) possess the capacity for perfection, although they must consciously strive to actualize it. Mencius: human nature is good, and people are naturally inclined toward virtue. Unfortunately, the negative elements of society tend to corrupt many people, and
6、 only a few are able to overcome them. Laozi: humans at birth are like uncarved blocks of wood (pu) and as they get older, society molds and shapes them. Education brutalizes people and creates the seeds of social turmoil and negative behavior.,Starting outTask 2,Task 3Read the following story about
7、 Jimmy and discuss with your partner the questions that follow the story. (P192),Starting out-Task 3,Questions for discussion:1. What made Jimmy become a thief before his arrest? 2. Was it his destiny, his nature, his life experience, living environment or something else that shaped his behavior?,Sa
8、d MoviesListen to “Sad Movies”, a song which tells a sentimental story, and do the following tasks:,Starting out,1. Complete the lyrics by filling in the blanks with missing words; 2. Describe the characters of “I”, “my darling” and “my best friend”; 3. Tell which of these characters are universal t
9、o human beings, or in other words, are in the nature of all human beings.,Sad Movies Sad movies always make me cryHe said he had to work so I went to the _ aloneThey turned down the _ and turned the projector onAnd just as the news of the world started to beginI saw my darling and my best friend _ i
10、n_ I was sitting there they didnt seeAnd so they sat right down in front of meWhen he kissed her lips I almost _And in the middle of the color _ I started to cryOh-oh-oh sa-a-a-d movies always make me cryOh-oh-oh sa-a-a-d movies always make me cry,show,lights,walk,Though,died,cartoon,Starting out,An
11、d so I _ up and slowly walked on homeAnd mama saw the _ and said, Whats wrong?And so to keep from telling her a _I just said sa-a-a-d movies make me cryOh-oh-oh sa-a-a-d movies always make me cryOh-oh-oh sa-a-a-d movies always make me cryOoh, ooh, ooh, ooh, oohOoh, ooh, ooh, oohSa-a-a-d movies make
12、me cry,got,tears,lie,Starting out,On Human Nature,Reading Focus,Reading Focus,Watch a video clip from the American hit TV drama series Prison Break, and discuss with the group:Michael Scofield said at the end of the clip: “The man youre talking about died the moment I stepped into these walls.” Do y
13、ou think Sara, the prison doctor, would take his word for it?,Background Information,Reading Focus Global Understanding,(Para. 1),(Paras. 2-9),(Para. 10),Introduction,_,Reading Focus Global Understanding,Human nature is the basis of character, the,temperament and disposition; it is that indestructib
14、le,matrix upon which the character is built, and whose,shape it must take and keep throughout life.,_H. Mans inherent goodness is revealed by his countless acts of heroism, unselfishness and sacrifice.,Reading Focus Global Understanding,_ of human nature,A. The basic nature of human beings does not
15、and cannot change.,B. No one wishes his nature to change.,C. Human nature is ever true to itself, not to systems of faith or education.,D. The constancy of human nature is proverbial.,E. Human nature can be studied, controlled and directed.,F. Mans spirit is perfect, only the personality and the phy
16、sical body,Body,G. Mans majesty and nobility are taken for granted. Only behaviors,become imperfect.,deviated from the normal attract attention.,Characteristics,Conclusion,_,Reading Focus Global Understanding,only endeavor to understand man as he is.,Human nature does not and cannot change; we can,T
17、ask 2,Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the sentence from the text. (P198),Key: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8,A,D,C,C,D,B,B,A,Reading Focus Detailed Information,Critical Thinking,Reading Focus,The following are two sentences from the text (P200):,1. The constancy of human nature is proverbial,
18、as no one believes that a man can fundamentally change his nature.2. A study of history reveals that the people who walked this earth in antiquity were moved by the same fundamental forces, were swayed by the same passions, and had the same aspirations as the men and women of today.,Reading FocusCri
19、tical Thinking,Step One,Interpret the sentences in your own words and tell your partner whether you agree with the author or not. Give specific examples to support your opinions.,Step TwoDiscuss in groups the following questions (P200):,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,1. As far as schools are concern
20、ed, what do you think they can do to make human nature closer to perfection?2. According to the author, we can try to understand human nature. How do you think we can do this?,1. Each man sees himself as unique, and so far as he is concerned the hub of the universe, different from any other individu
21、al. (Para. 3)In this sentence, the stem part is “each man sees himself as unique and the hub of the universe”. so/as far as sb. be concerned: in the opinion of sb. e.g. 1)_(在美国人眼里), a lot of our hotels are below average. 2)_(在我看来), you can forget about it.,Reading Focus Language Point,As far as Amer
22、icans are concerned,As far as Im concerned,as far as sth. be concerned or where sth. is concerned: under the circumstances that concern sth. e.g. 1) As far as traffic is concerned, there are no delays at the moment. 2) Where work is concerned, I always try to do my best.翻译：每个人都把自己看成是独特个体，而且，就他 而言，他就
23、是宇宙的中心，有别于其他任何人。,Reading Focus Language Point,2. Apologies are in order when Mr. Smith is mistaken for Mr. Jones. (Para. 3)be in order: be in a situation in which everything is conrolled, well-organised or correctly arrangede.g. (1) Please see that this room is in order when the visiors arrive. (2)
24、I want you to arrange these in order, putting the largest first, then the next, and so on.2) to be a suitable thing to do or say on a particular occasione.g. (1) Is it in order to ask the speaker questions at the meeting? (2) At the end of a program, applause for the performers is in order.,Reading
25、Focus Language Point,3) (an official document) to be legal and correcte.g. (1) Is your immigration papers in order? (2) I have examined the account books, and found them in order. 4) Something one does to be allowed by the rules in a committee,court parliament etc.e.g. Is it in order for me to park
26、my car outside the building?,Reading Focus Language Point,mistake for : to wrongly think that someone or something is someone or something elsee.g. 1) A woman mistook him for a well-known actor, and asked him for his autograph. 2) The doctor mistook the symptoms for blood poisoning.,took/mistook,for
27、,mistake/take,for/to be,took,for,take,for,Reading Focus Language Point,辨析: mistake for 和 take . for/to be.I _ him _ his brother. They are extremely alike.Did you _ the margarine _ butter?We _ him _ a coward, but we soon found out our mistake.Do you _ me _ a fool?,3. No two people will ever draw the
28、same conclusions from the same experiences, but each must interpret events and fit them into the mosaic of his own lifes pattern. (Para. 4) fit into 1) to be part of a group or systeme.g. 1) Most film locations broadly fit into two categories; those on private property and those in a public place. 2
29、) Unless the item is a very short one, I am afraid we can not fit it into the programme.2) to be accepted by the people in a group or organizatione.g. She fitted into the team very well.翻译: 两个人从相同的经历中不会得出相同的结论，但是两 个人会各自分析这些事件并将它们融合到自己丰富的 生活模式中去。,Reading Focus Language Point,4. Human nature is ever t
30、rue to itself, not to systems of faith or education. (Para. 4) Paraphrase: Human nature is loyal to itself, instead of to any systems of faith or external teachings.,Reading Focus Language Point,5. Each holds to the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast at the time of its individualizat
31、ion. (Para. 4) Paraphrase: Each human nature sticks to the characteristics and limitations of the mold where the soul is formed and develops its individualities.辨析 hold to vs. hold on tohold to: to believe or behave according to a belief, principle, promise etc.hold on to: to keep something rather t
32、han losing it, selling it or giving it to someone else,Reading Focus Language Point,Do you still _ your intention of going to Australia?Whatever your argument, I still _ my decision.The soldiers _ the bridge for three more days.I think I will _ these old records for now.,hold to,hold to,held on to,h
33、old on to,Reading Focus Language Point,hold to vs. hold on to,6. People know from experience that an individual who in one year displays knavish characteristics seldom in the next becomes any different. Nor does a thief become a trustworthy employee, or a miser a philanthropist. Nor does a man chang
34、e and become a liar, coward or traitor at fifty or sixty; if he is one then, he has been one ever since his character was formed. (Para. 5) In this sentence group, negative words “seldom nor nor” connect three negative sentences. And sentences beginning with the negative word “nor” are partially inv
35、erted:Nor does a thief become a trustworthy employee, or a miser a philanthropist. Nor does a man change and become a liar, coward or traitor at fifty or sixty;,Reading Focus Language Point,Other negatives that require partial inversion when they begina sentence as an adverbial element include: neve
36、r seldom rarely nowhere little barelywhen scarcelywhen not till hardly when(before ) no sooner than under/in no circumstances in no way in no case on no account by no means not a single worde.g.Rarely _ (我看到过) such a beautiful sunset.In no case _ (你可以离开) the post.By no means_ (应该让他单独呆着).No sooner _
37、(他去睡觉) than the telephone rang once more.,have I seen,are you to leave,should he be left alone,had he gone to sleep,Reading Focus Language Point,代词 one 在这里替代的是上文提到的“a liar, coward or traitor ”。One 当代词替代刚提到的可数名词的用法还有：I want a photograph of you-would you give me one?My shoes are similar to the ones yo
38、u had on yesterday.The first question is one which Jason has anticipated.Notes:one 可以替代中心词为可数名词的名词短语，中心词为不可数名词的话，用some 来代替。 e.g. If you want a drink, Ill get you one. Shall I pass the butter? Or have you got some already?,Reading Focus Language Point,当中心词为复数名词，前面无形容词等修饰语限定，只具有泛指意义时，要用some不能用ones。 e.
39、g. If you like grapes, I will get you some.如果可数名词前面有形容词等修饰语限定，用ones.e.g. At home in the United States his responses would have been normal ones.,Reading Focus Language Point,7. The spirit is perfect, but when it inhabits human structures, it participates in the imperfections of the latter; and durin
40、g its association with matter takes on the mortal weaknesses, desires and limitations. (Para. 7) “The latter” means the second or the last people or things just mentioned, here refers to “human structure”. e.g. Of the two choices, I prefer the latter.The formerthe latter: often used to refer to the
41、first and the second people or things that are just mentioned e.g. Where unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.翻译：精神是完美的，但它栖居到人类肉体结构中后，便参与其中，表现出后者的不完美。在它与物质的联系过程中呈现出凡人的弱点、欲望和局限。,Reading Focus Language Point,take on 1) to begin to have a particular qu
42、ality of appearancee.g. Her face took on a fierce expression. After the students put up christmas decorations, the classroom took on a holiday appearance.2) to start to employ someonee.g. Is the supermarket taking on any more assistants?3) to agree to do work or be responsible for somethinge.g. Dont
43、 take on too much work-the extra cash isnt worth it.,Reading Focus Language Point,8. Mans majesty and nobility are taken for granted, although his faults and weaknesses are constantly paraded before our eyes. (Para. 8),Reading Focus Language Point,Paraphrase:Human beings are undoubtedly seen as grea
44、t and noble by nature, although their bad behaviors often remind us that they are imperfect and have weaknesses.,take sth./sb.for granted : 1) to expect that someone or something will always be there when you need them and never think how important or useful they aree.g. People took electricity for
45、granted until their supply is cut off.She knew that she was in danger of taking him too much for granted.2) believe that something is true without making suree.g. He just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.Mr. Harper took for granted that the invitation included his wife.,Reading Focus
46、Language Point,9. Daily one reads of men saving others at the peril of their own lives. (Para. 8),Reading Focus Language Point,Paraphrase Everyday people read from newspapers or magzines of the stories of how men save others at the risk of losing their own lives.,the peril of sth./doing sth.: a dang
47、er or problem in a particular activity or situatione.g. the perils of starring in a television commercial Does he understand the perils of mountain climbing?do sth.at ones peril: do sth. dangerous and that could cause problemse.g. These regulations are made for your safety; if you disobey them, you
48、do so at your own peril.,Reading Focus Language Point,Task 1Choose the answer that best explains the underlined word or phrase in the sentence. (P201),Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,Key:,1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-,A,C,B,B,C,A,B,C,A,C,Task 2Form new words by combining affixes and the root wor
49、ds given in the box, then choose a word in its appropriate form to complete each of the sentences below. (P202),Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,in- un- mis- de- im- -tion -or -ible -ar -ee -ness dis- -er -st -al -ly -ment -ially -ial -inal -ation -ist -able,part _ _fold _selfish/ selfish_ _perfec
50、t employ_ proverb_ refine_ _destr _ crim _ _take alter _ li_consider_ trait_ philanthrop_,ially,un,un,ness,im,ee,ment,uctible,ial,in,inal,mis,ation,ar,able,or,ist,Task 2,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,1. There is little point putting a(n) _door in a frame that will rot in 10 years.2. A woman _ h
