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1、雅 思 阅 读 2,Lecture One,雅思阅读基本概况雅思阅读所需要的基本技能Skimming& Scanning,一、雅思阅读基本概况,测试时间：60分钟 （ 9:45-10:45包括填答题卡时间）文章数量：3篇，共约4000词 1200-1500 words/p文章题材：经济、地理、教育、科学、环境题目数量：共40题，10种题型（五大五小）,Time is a killer,五种大题型1 List of headings (LOH)段落标题配对题2 Matching 配对题 段落+相关信息的配对3 TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 判断题4 Multiple choice 选
2、择题 (单选题+多选题)5 Summary 填空题,五种小题型Table Completion Flow Chart Picture NamingSentence CompletionShort Answer Questions,评分标准,一 、如何开始准备雅思阅读考试四大技能的要求,快速阅读词汇记忆语法突破强化技巧,第一个技能:快速阅读,1. SKIMMING (浏览,略读)To skim is to read quickly in order to get thegeneral idea of the passage.2. SCANNING (跳读,寻读)To scan is to rea
3、d quickly in order to locate specific information.,SKIMMINGTITLE+SUBTITLE+HEADINGSPICTUREPARAGRAPH(顺带标记+小注),基本能力 主旨提取,1. 雅思阅读文章的段落结构2. 段落中心句提取,雅思阅读文章的段落结构,段落中心句的提取,Exercise C7T2P1Why pagodas dont fall down,A In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japans tallest and seemingly
4、 flimsiest 不结实的; 易损坏的(原型flimsy)old buildings 500 or so wooden pagodas宝塔 remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous损失惨重的 Hanshin earthqu
5、ake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened使成为平地office blocks and devastated 毁灭; 摧毁the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed未受损伤; 未遭伤害though it levelled夷平a number of buildings in the neighborhood.,Topp
6、le: (over) be unsteady and fall 不稳而倒下: The pile of books toppled over onto the floor. 那一摞书倒在地板上了.,B Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office bloc
7、ks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers 减震器to dampen抑制the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo Japans first skyscraper摩天楼 was considered a masterpiece of mo
8、dern engineering when it was built in 1968.,mystify/ mstfa; mstfa/ v (pt, pp -fied) Tn make (sb) confused through lack of understanding; puzzle; bewilder 使（某人）困惑不解; 使迷惑: Im mystified; I just cant see how he did it. 我大惑不解, 就是不明白他是怎麽做到的. * her mystifying disappearance 她神秘的失踪.dampen (down )to make some
9、thing such as a feeling or activity less strong The light rain dampened the crowds enthusiasm. Raising interest rates might dampen the economy.to make a sound or movement less loud or strong The spring dampens the shock of the impact.,C Yet in 826, with only pegs短桩 and wedges楔子 to keep his wooden st
10、ructure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic雄伟的 Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowin
11、g a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight natures forces. But what sort of tricks?,D The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in
12、brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers瞭望塔. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase
13、was dispensed with 免除，省掉 because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object.,Because of the typhoons that batter接连猛击Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves屋檐of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing 流出,
14、泻出, 涌出down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.,【重要词组】dispense with sb/sth: get rid of sb/sth 用不着某人某事物; 摆脱某人某事物: He is not yet well enough to dispense with the pills. 他尚未痊愈, 仍需吃药. adapt (oneself) (to sth) become adjusted to new condi
15、tions, etc 适应（新环境等）: Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark. 我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗的环境. 【重要词汇】overhang / uvh/ n. part that overhangs 悬垂的部分: a birds nest under the overhang of the roof房檐下的鸟巢.,E The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of
16、the buildings overall width.For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain瓷tiles 瓦of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware陶器tiles.,【难句解析】The roof of a Japanese temple
17、building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the buildings overall width.句子结构the roof can be made to.by日本寺庙的屋顶可以被建造成各面都延伸出庙宇本身，延伸的范围在该寺庙整体宽度的50%或者更多。,F But this does not totally explain the great resilience弹性 of Japanese pagodas. Is the answer that, like a
18、 tall pine tree, the Japanese pagoda with its massive trunk-like central pillar柱子known as shinbashira simply flexes伸缩，弯曲 and sways摇动, 摇摆 during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries, many thought so. But the answer is not so simple because the startling令人吃惊的thing is that the shinbashira actually ca
19、rries no load 不负重at all. In fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground接触地面, but is suspended悬挂 from the top of the pagoda hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns.,G And wha
20、t is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? The best way to understand the shinbashiras role is to watch a video made by Shuzo Ishida, a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute of Technology. Mr Ishida, known to his students as Professor Pagoda because of his passion to understand the pagod
21、a, has built a series of models and tested them on a shake- table in his laboratory. In short, the shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum钟摆. The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than
22、 a thousand years later, applied in the construction of Japans first skyscraper. What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that,under pressure a pagodas loose stack of floors could be made to slither 摇晃 to and fro independent of one another. Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed
23、to be doing a snake dance with each consecutive连续的 floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below. The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they ban
24、ged into it, transmitting energy away along the column.,【重要词汇】Stack：pile or heap, usu neatly arranged 堆, 摞（通常指堆放得整齐的）: a wood stack 木材堆 * a stack of newspapersslither：slide or slip unsteadily摇晃不稳地滑动或滑行: slithering dangerously (on the muddy path) （在泥泞的路上）危险地滑行 *【重要词组】bang into sb/sth: collide with sb
25、/sth violently 猛撞着某人某物: He ran round the corner and banged straight into a lamp-post. 他跑过拐角处时迎面撞在灯柱上.【难句解析】The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of
26、 Japans first skyscraper. 古代的工匠在明显没有先进的数学知识的情况下，似乎已经掌握了一千年以后应用于日本第一摩天大楼的理论。,H,Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers逐渐尖细, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical垂直的 pillars that carry the weight of the buildi
27、ng is connected to its corresponding pillar above. In other words, a five- storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from the top to the bottom. More surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda, unl
28、ike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked 堆积one on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly, such a design would not be permitted under current Japanese building regulations.,I And the extra-wide eaves? Think of them as a tightrope w
29、alkers走钢丝表演者 balancing pole平衡杆. The bigger the mass重物at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The same holds true for a pagoda. With the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles, says Mr Ishida, the building responds to even the
30、most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking. Here again, Japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated 预见到concepts of modern structural engineering.,【重要词组】hold true = remain valid, applicable or unchanged,1. Peoples confusion up till now 2. Som
31、e tricks that might be mastered by the pagoda builders 3. How unbelievable for the pagodas to remain standing for ages during earthquakes and typhoons 4. The explanation for the resilience of the pagodas5. The function of the extra-eaves6. The real role played by the central pillar7. The special des
32、ign of the pagoda roof8. Another surprising design of Japanese pagoda9. The introduction and adaptation of Japanese pagoda,Matching,Para A. Para B. Para C. Para D. Para E. Para F. Para G. Para H. Para I.,文章结构,1. 日本宝塔即使经历地震仍然屹立不倒，原因何在？2. 直到现代，人们仍不理解其中奥妙3. 日本工匠掌握了什么技巧修建了五重塔？4. 日本塔来源于中国，日本工匠为适应本国国情加以改良
33、5. 日本塔顶的独特设计6. 日本塔具有弹性并非是通心柱的功劳7. 揭示通心柱的真实作用8. 日本塔设计上另外的神奇之处9. 超宽飞檐的用处,段落主题句的特征：主题句一定是包含性最强的句子 例句和问句不是主题句 段落中如果有某人观点或研究结果要注意 段落中如果有例子出现要看例子前面或后面 段落中如果有步骤出现要看步骤前面的句子 看句子的时候，如果有代词，要往前看 如果一个SECTION里段落比较多，那么先看每段话的首句或者利用篇章结构的知识 如果一段话不超过4句话，整段都要看,（浅层次）做对题，达到目标分（Q&A）,深究中西文化，逻辑差异，求同存异，仿写(mimicking),（中层次）看结构
34、，快速阅读，剥离主次 (structure),阅读三境界,SCANNING从题干入手,1. 确定题型 2. 争取定位,（1）每道题都有相应的定位词（2）必须选择实词作为定位词,定位词特点,雅思阅读=定位+语言信息处理定位词Signal words 但是，how？,Examples真题,1.The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists.(C4)2.Opponents of smoking financed the UCSF study.3. Arthur Koestler consider
35、ed laughter biologically important in several ways.(C5),Examples真题,1.The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists.(C4)2.Opponents of smoking financed the UCSF study.3. Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways.(C5),4. It has been sugge
36、sted that children hold mistaken views about the pure science that they studied at school.5. Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing.6.Sediment in the irrigation canals on the Nile delta causes flooding.,4. It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the pure scien
37、ce that they studied at school.5. Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing.6. Sediment in the irrigation canals on the Nile delta causes flooding.,定位词 ：数字大写单词专有名词 斜体字，引号内, 连字符名词（当题目中两个名词有明显的因果，比较关系等，两个都要挑出）形容词+名词最高级形式,挑选定位的四大原则,1.越醒目越好2.不能是文章的标题中的词3.不需要量多，越精确越好4.定位词最好不要重复使用,题目：Walter
38、 Coatess records largely contain the information of _文章：The books yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941 and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth,Leicestershire.,题目：Walter Coatess records largely contain the information of _文章：The books yellowing pages contain beekeeping no
39、tes made between 1941 and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth,Leicestershire.,beekeeping,题目： According to some phenologists, global warming may cause the number of waterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased _.文章：Her analysis shows that the increased droughts that the mo
40、dels predict could halve the breeding populations at the ponds.“The number of waterfowl in North America will most probably drop significantly with global warming, she says.,题目： According to some phenologists, global warming may cause the number of waterfowl in North America to drop significantly du
41、e to increased _.文章：Her analysis shows that the increased droughts that the models predict could halve the breeding populations at the ponds.“The number of waterfowl in North America will most probably drop significantly with global warming, she says.,droughts,定位词， 定位到了怎样对应？,如果定位词出现在原文句子的中间或末尾要把其所在的
42、整句话看完。如果看完整句话还不能解题就要在往上下各看一句。,细节的对应- 同义替换,同义替换：词，短语，句子能拿来替换的不一定都是同义词,可以是不同的词性派生词，双重否定，抽象与具体关系等,数字的同义替换,1990s=1990-1999=20th centurya century= 100 years1000 years= 10 centuries= a millenniuma decade = 10 years 80%= the most of / the majority of 50%= half,change= shift, alter, transform, switch, conve
43、rt effect= influence, impact impossible= unable, hopeless, out of the question demanding = difficult,词，短语的同义替换（同义词 / 近义词）,still = continue accelerate = increasing，boom support = back trigger= cause, lead to, result in,fund support= financial back nearby nations= geographic neighbours depend mainly o
44、n= rely heavily on feelings of loneliness= emotionally isolated,抽象与具体的替换（上下义词）,cooling system = air conditioner global team= World Health Organization national policy= New Zealand Disability Strategy disease = malaria,computer components= drives exchange of expertise= across a number of sports serio
45、us problems = nuclear war and global pollution and other threats location= America,1. Perceive_2. Evolve_3. Detect_4. Mortal_5. Unbiased_6. Limb_7. Waste_8. Resemble_9. Dwelling_A.Find B. arm and leg C. develop D. look like E. Objective F. Sense G. domestic building H. unwanted material I. people,TI
46、PS:F,C,A,I,E,B,H,D,G,Exercise,Y/N/NG： C3T1P3Q: The Scientific method is more a way of describing research than a way of doing it.P: From this point of view, science method may more useful be thought of as a way of writing up research rather than as a way of carrying it out.,句子的同义替换,Y/N/NG： C6T1P2Q:
47、International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy.P: International trade is growing at a startling pace.While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that.,句子的同义替换,Exercise C7
48、T1P1Making Every Drop Count,A The history of human civilisation is entwined with(与某事物)紧密联系在一起 the history of the ways we have learned to manipulate 控制，操纵 water resources. As towns gradually expanded, water was brought from increasingly remote 偏远的 sources, leading to sophisticated 复杂的 engineering eff
49、orts such as dams and aqueducts 高架渠. At the height of 在的顶峰或鼎盛时期 the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative创新的 layout of pipes and well-built sewers下水道, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today.,B During the
50、industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th and 20th centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented 前所未有的 construction of tens of thousands of monumental 伟大的，纪念性的 engineering projects designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irr
