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1、adj.受限制的 v.限制 n.贫穷，贫困n.缺口.差距.裂缝.v.放弃，抛弃n.标题.头衔,bound（绑得）poverty（破扶梯）gap（割破）abandon（a板凳）title（抬头）,谐音词,2022/12/26,1,n.财政，资金，金融adj.多愁善感的adj.荒唐的，n.荒唐adj.足够的，适当的adj.惯例的，传统的,finance（犯难事）sentimental（三屉馒头）absurd（爱不值得）adequate（俺的夸他）conventional（靠纹身哦）,2022/12/26,2,stateestatefacilitateimitateirritate,n.状态；国家；
2、州；政府v.陈述；声明；adj.国家的；州的n.财产，房地产v.促进v.模仿，仿效v.激怒,2022/12/26,3,ariseriseraisearouse,vi.出现，产生v.n.上升，增加v.n.升起，筹钱，抚养v.叫醒，唤醒，激发,2022/12/26,4,adaptadeptadoptadjust,v.使适应，改编adj.熟练的 (adept in)v.采纳，收养，接受v.调节，使适应,2022/12/26,5,The biggest problem is that couples assume each other know whats going on with their fi
3、nances, but they dont. There seems to be more of a taboo about talking about money than about death. In a healthy relationship, you dont have to agree about money, but you have to talk about it. （2011年12月真题） 最大的问题在于夫妻双方会想当然的认为他们知道彼此的财政状况，但是其实他们并不知晓，相对比于谈论死亡，似乎谈论金钱更是一种禁忌。但是在健康的夫妻关系中，彼此不需要在钱的问题上达成统一，但
4、是一定会有非常必要的沟通.,2022/12/26,6,大学英语四、六级考试题型,2022/12/26,7,改革后翻译题型:段落翻译（汉译英）,测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力。 分值比例：15% 考试时间：30分钟。 内容：中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展 长度：140-160个汉字；,2022/12/26,8,翻译的标准,译文应该完整地再现原文内容译文应像原文一样流畅自然。译文的风格、笔调应与原文性质相同。,大学英语四级考试新题型评分标准,2022/12/26,10,1. 通读并透彻理解原文汉语句子，确定语法成分和句型。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。 译
5、文：Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties.,汉语段落可以包含一个或一个以上的主题；而英语段落一般只有一个主题，如往往有一个明显的主题句（主题句多置于句首），其他句子则层层展开，以支持主题句,2. 付诸笔墨，保证拼写无误。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。译文1：People often make their home beautiful with paper cuttings.译文2：P
6、eople often beautify their home with paper cuttings.,3. 修改，重新审视，对译文修正、加工、润饰。重点检查时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号、冠词和代词的使用以及主谓一致等问题。,样卷,PartIVTranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.Youshouldwriteyour answeronAnswerSheet2.,2022/12/26,15,样题,剪纸（
7、papercutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（theMingandQingDynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。,2022/12/26,16,答案,Paper cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper c
8、utting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in
9、 order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.,2022/12/26,17,汉语 VS 英语 不同表达习惯,一、英语重结构，汉语重语义 二、英语多长句，汉
10、语多短句 三、英语多从句，汉语多分句 四、主语，宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词” 五、英语多被动，汉语多主动 六、英语多变化，汉语多重复 七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体 八、英语多引申，汉语多推理 九、英语多省略，汉语多补充十、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心,2022/12/26,18,一、英语重结构，汉语重语义,著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”When I sing a song, I always sing off-key.我一唱歌，就跑调。If you escape again, Ill shoot you.再跑，我就毙了你！,20
11、22/12/26,19,二、英语多长句，汉语多短句,Interestinhistoricalmethodshadarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityof historyasanintellectualdiscipline（学科）andmorefrominternalquarrels amonghistoriansthemselves. 人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。,2022/12/26,20,三、英语多从句，汉语多分句,Onthewhol
12、esuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidencebutonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthe sameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwith whomheiscompared,andonlyifhe wasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的， 但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏
13、别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。,2022/12/26,21,四、主语，宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词”,Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshosted by robots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend. 届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车，一旦这些汽车违规，监测器就会使其停。,2022/12/26,22,五、英语多被动，汉语多主动,Itmustbepointedoutthat.必须指出Itmustbeadmittedthat.必须承认It
14、isimaginedthat.人们认为Itcannotbedeniedthat.不可否认Itwillbeseenfromthisthat.由此可知Itshouldberealizedthat.必须认识Itis(always)stressedthat.人们强调Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat.可以毫不夸张地说,2022/12/26,23,Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyha
15、vetoberequiredbyasortofspecialtraining. 许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。,2022/12/26,24,六、英语多变化，汉语多重复,Themonkeysmostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageofnine,themonkeyhadlearnedtosoloonthevehicle.这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，它已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。,2022/12/26
16、,25,七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体,Loyalty 赤胆忠心totalexhaustion筋疲力尽far-sightedness远见卓识carefulconsideration深思熟虑perfectharmony水乳交融feedonfancies画饼充饥withgreateagerness如饥似渴lackofperseverance三天打鱼，两天晒网makealittlecontribution添砖加瓦,2022/12/26,26,Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointswhereastheplanetca
17、nprovideacomfortablesupportforall,peoplewill havetoacceptmoreunnaturalfood. 除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的 “人造食品”。,2022/12/26,27,八、英语多引申，汉语多推理,Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorec
18、reateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast. 尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多，现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。,2022/12/26,28,九、英语多省略，汉语多补充,Ambitionisthemotherofdestructionaswellasofevil. 野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。Readingexercisesoneseyes;speaking,onestongue;whilewriting,onesmind. 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。,202
19、2/12/26,29,十、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心,Iwasallthemoredelightedwhen,asaresultoftheinitiativeofyourGovernmentitproved possibletoreinstatethevisitsoquickly. 由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。,2022/12/26,30,英汉结构差异,连接方式：汉语隐形，即连接词很少出现或不出现，这体现为意合(parataxis);英语显性，即连接词出现，体现为形合(hypotaxis)组句方式：汉语：动词多，短句多，常按时间顺序或前因后果的逻辑关系排
20、列，呈链状；英语：常按句内主次从属关系排列，在句子主体上添加修饰语以及限定语，形成严谨的树状结构。,2022/12/26,31,1. 正确判断句子之间的关系，补充连接手段，实现显性连接。e.g. 在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，累起来可达桌子高。思路：SVO=纸+达到+桌子高。问题：累起来怎么处理？In that year and a half, the paper on which she had copied English words or written them down from memory, if stacked up, could reach the table fr
21、om the floor.,结构差异带来的启示,2022/12/26,32,2. 掌握内在联系正确断句我们的班主任姓王，五十开外，方脸，一脸的胡子。Mr. Wang, the head teacher responsible for our class, was over fifty. He had a square-shaped face with a full beard.,结构差异带来的启示,2022/12/26,33,3. 正确安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合原意。原文：大家都记得1979年秋天，当这个总共只念过八年书、连英文字母也认不全，而且已有三个孩子的女工，竟然报名上电大英语班时
22、，招来了多少惊讶的目光。They remember how many astonished looks were cast at her in the autumn of 1979, when this woman worker with only 8 years schooling, little acquaintance with the English alphabet and three children to look after, actually enrolled in the English class offered by the local TV university.,结
23、构差异带来的启示,2022/12/26,34,一、翻译的基本方法：直译意译,直译：保持原文内容、又保持原文形式，基本保留原有句子结构，不是死译。意译：只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式，更多考虑英语的特点。如： 我们的朋友遍天下。Our friends are all over the world. (直译)We have friends all over the world.（意译）,直译与意译相互关联，互为补充，两种译法可以并用,2022/12/26,35,二、 汉译英的基本技巧,1. 增词为了充分传达原文含义，必须增补词语，以求达意.北京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里你可以游览万里长城、故宫、
24、颐和园等。 Beijing is a political and cultural center that offers some scenic attractions: the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace etc.,2022/12/26,36,1. 我不觉得用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。 I dont think it is difficult to speak to a foreigner in English.2. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whe
25、reas conceit makes one lag behind.,增加形式主语 it,增连词,Practice Please.,2022/12/26,37,2. 减词:,汉语喜欢重复，英语崇尚简洁。汉语的重复作为一种修辞手段有两种作用。一是为了强调，重复表达一个意思，或增添修饰语，加强语气。二是为了便于词语搭配，或平衡节奏，增加可读性。这些在汉语里习以为常的重复词语或句式，到了英语里要么不合逻辑，要么累赘冗长。所以翻译时都要有所删减省略。这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天！让我们张开双臂，热烈拥抱这个春天吧！Let us stretch out our arms to embr
26、ace the spring, which is one of the revolution, of the people, and of science.,2022/12/26,38,见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。The sight of his native place called back his childhood. 他连续讲了两小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。He has been speaking in French for two hours without any mistakes. 长嗟短叹 sighing deeply 发号施令 issue orders 土崩瓦解 f
27、all apart 两面三刀 two-faced tactics,Practice Please.,情景,没有出现,省名词,(省动词),2022/12/26,39,3. 词类转换,词类变形和转换，是英语语言的一个很重要的特点，尤其是名词、动词、形容词这三种最主要的词类。eg. 他的演讲给我们的印象很深。His speech impressed us deeply.(名词变动词)eg. 你说他傻不傻？Dont you think he is an idiot? (形容词变名词),2022/12/26,40,4. 语态转换,在英汉两种语言当中都有主动和被动两种语态。在英语中被动语态的使用频率要远远
28、高于汉语。如果一味按照汉语原句的语态来翻译，会使译文显得十分别扭。这个小男孩在放学回家的路上受了伤 。The little boy was hurt on his way home from school.门锁好了。The door has been locked up.新教材在印刷中。New textbooks are being printed.,2022/12/26,41,5. 分译 & 合译(按内容层次分译),分译： 需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次
29、分明。少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰竭时，要做学问也来不及了。Youth will soon be gone， never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。Looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman fast aslee
30、p.,(按内容层次分译),(从主语变换处分译),2022/12/26,42,合译：相较于汉语而言，英语长句多，因此在翻译中，要把汉语的两个或多个句子合译为英语的一句，使译文紧凑、简练。对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am king.第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers, giving
31、 more details.,从主语变换处合译,按内容连贯合译,2022/12/26,43,6. 正、反表达翻译,I.汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达他提出的论据相当不充实。The argument he put forward is pretty thin. 他七十岁了，可是并不显老。He was 70, but he carried his years lightly.II.汉语从正面表达，译文从反面表达她来得正是时候。She couldnt have come at a better time.对于汉译英，你越细心越好。You can never be too careful about
32、Chinese-English translation.,2022/12/26,44,7.变序,从译文的行文上考虑，有时需要对原文的词序作一番调整，以适应英文的修辞习惯，或者为了避免因结构而产生的歧义。例：到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。Unique local creations are available in Xian, such as the three colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty and terra-cotta figures.(“兵马俑”和“唐三彩”在译文中变换了位置，是为了避免”of the Tang Dynasty”在结构
33、上产生歧义。),2022/12/26,45,练习 1,中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来， 中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。,2022/12/26,46,key 1,China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world, which offers more b
34、usiness opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since Chinas reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology, and have scored great achievement. Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growt
35、h, but also benefited from the cooperation. Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.,2022/12/26,47,练习 2,狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身
36、，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。,2022/12/26,48,Key 2,The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China. The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot,
37、 which can bring good luck. Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the d
38、ynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.,2022/12/26,49,练习 3,假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做
39、相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。,2022/12/26,50,Key 3,The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese peoples consumption concept is undertaking great changes. According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to leisure, comfort
40、and personal development. Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development. On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy peoples demand for an improved quality of life.,2022/12/26,51,练习 4,端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他
41、给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。,2022/12/26,52,Key 4,The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minis
42、ter, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuans body. For thousands of years, the festiv
43、al has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.,2022/12/26,53,练习 5,2013年6月20日在中国各地，剧估计60万儿童和他们的老师观看了有宇航员（astronaut）王亚平在距离地球300公里的上空所讲授的科学课。王亚平与两个同事乘坐天宫一号实验舱(the Tiangon-1 laboratory module) 执行为期两周的任务。她在课上进行了
44、一系列太空的物理演示。在有些演示中还对比了在地球上重力（one-gravity）环境下同样的实验。这堂物理课不仅让孩子们享受了一堂知识与乐趣兼具的物理课，也显示了我国通信科技的前进。,2022/12/26,54,Key 5,On June 20, 2013, an estimated 600 thousand school children and their teachers across China watched a science lesson taught from 300km above the Earth by astronaut Wang Yaping. Wang is abo
45、ard the Tiangong-1 laboratory module with two crewmates, for a two-week mission. Her lessons were a series of physics demonstrations in the space. In some demonstrations, she compared with the same experiment under the one-gravity environment on Earth. The lesson has not only offered children a phys
46、ics lesson with knowledge and interest, but also shows the advance in communication technology of China.,2022/12/26,55,英语四级段落翻译常用词汇：中国历史与文化,京剧 Peking opera秦腔 Qin opera功夫Kongfu太极Tai Chi口 技 ventriloquism木偶戏puppet show皮影戏 shadowplay折子戏 opera highlights杂技 acrobatics相声 witty dialogue comedy刺绣 embroidery苏
47、绣 Suzhou embroidery泥人 clay figure书法 calligraphy中国画 traditional Chinese painting水墨画 Chinese brush painting,2022/12/26,56,中国结 Chinese knot中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China火药 gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术 paper-making指南针 the compass青铜器 bronze ware瓷器 porcelain; china唐三彩 tri-color glazed pott
48、ery of the Tang Dynasty景泰蓝cloisonne秋千swing武术 martial arts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化 Confucian culture,2022/12/26,57,道教 Taoism墨家Mohism法家 Legalism佛教 Buddhism孔子 Confucius孟子 Mencius老子 Lao Tzu庄子 Chuang Tzu墨子 Mo Tzu孙子Sun Tzu象形文字 pictographic characters文房四宝(笔墨纸观)the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick,
49、 paper, and ink stone)大学The Great Learning中庸The Doctrine of the Mean论语The Analects of Confucius孟子The Mencius孙子兵法The Art of War三国演义Three Kingdoms,2022/12/26,58,西游爷己Journey to the West红楼梦Dream of the Red Mansions水浒传Heroes of the Marshes山海经The Classic of Mountains and Rivers资治通鉴History as a Mirror春秋The
50、 Spring and Autumn Annals史记Historical Records诗经The Book of Songs易经The I Ching; The Book of Changes礼记The Book of Rites三字经Three-character Scriptures 八股文 eight-part essay五言绝句 five-character quatrain七言律诗 seven-character octave旗袍 cheongsam中山装 Chinese tunic suit唐装 Tang suit风水 Fengshui; geomantic omen,2022
