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1、College English Grammar: Grammar and Writing,By Zhu Xiangjun,Unit 10,Phrases: Gerund Phrases and Absolute PhrasesGrammar: 1. Gerund Phrases 2. Absolute PhrasesWriting: Correcting: Missing Commas with Nonessential Elements Rewriting: Intra-sentence coherence,I. Gerund Phrases,Both a gerund and a pres
2、ent participle end in ing but they function as different parts of speech. A gerund is used as a noun, whereas a present participle is used as an adjective or an adverb.I.1. Form and functionA gerund phrase includes the gerund and the object of the gerund or any modifiers related to the gerund. Like
3、a gerund, it is used as a nounas subject, predictive, object, object of a preposition, or appositive. 1) as a noun to be subjectYou must know your enemy.That is the best defense. Knowing your enemy is the best defense.,2) as a noun to be predictive He finishes his supper.He takes a short walk.That i
4、s his habit.In this habit, he keeps healthy. His habit to keep healthy is taking a short walk after supper.3) as a noun to be appositiveHis dream is finding lost treasure.His dream almost came true recently. His dream, finding lost treasure, almost came true recently.,4) as a noun to be object I tra
5、vel in the country.I love that.I lose my way.I dont like that. I love traveling in the country, but I dont like losing my way.5) as a noun to be object of a prepositionThey wanted to travel to foreign country.They have made preparation for it. They have made preparation for traveling to a foreign co
6、untry.,I.2. Position and punctuation Gerund phrases can either hold the subject position or the direct object position. A gerund nearly never requires any punctuation with it except its function as appositive. When a gerund phrase is used as an appositive, we use a comma to set it off from the word
7、it modifies.Beggars sell themselves as human beings.Such behavior arouses the pity of passers-by. Beggars behavior, selling themselves as human beings, arouses the pity of passers-by.She made a request.She wanted to send for a doctor at once. She made a request, sending for a doctor at once.,Notes:1
8、) The difference is that a gerund phrase will always function as a noun while a present participle phrase functions as an adjective or an adverb to modifies another word in the sentence.Eating quietly, they seemly enjoyed what they are served. (A participial phrase as an adjective modifies “they”)Ea
9、ting quietly can be difficult for children.(A gerund phrase as a noun functions as a subject.),2) Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. If you are not sure whether you
10、 should use gerund or infinitive, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.Living a happy life is everyones deepest desire.(normal subject, more natural)To live a happy life is everyones deepest desire.(abstract subject, less common)3) When
11、 the action happened in the past, a gerund is usually used. She has had quick thinking.That saved us all a lot of trouble. Her quick thinking saved us all a lot of trouble.,4) The following is a list of verbs that can have gerund objects, but not infinitivesadmit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, comp
12、lete, consider,defend, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike,enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, get through, give up, go on, cant help,imagine, involve, keep (on), would like (him),mention, (not) mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, quit,recall, recollect, recommend, report, resent, resist, resume,
13、risk,(cant) see, stop, suggest, take up, tolerate, understand,Exercises: Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence containing at least one gerund phrase.,1. In a short time I was busy.I mixed butter and flour. In a short time I was busy mixing butter and flour. 2. I pretended. I
14、 had not seen himIt was no use. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him.3. They dont catch fish.They catch old boots. They catch rubbish. Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish.,4. The woman simply took the parcel. She walked out of the shop.She didnt pay. The woman simp
15、ly took the parcel and walked out of the shop without paying.5. He wanted to follow me around all morning.I had to think of a way. By the way I can prevent him from that. I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.6. I tried to wake up my wife. I rang the doorbell
16、.She was fast asleep. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep.,II. Absolute Phrases,II.1. Form An absolute phrase consists of a noun or a pronoun as a subject that is modified by a participle or participial phrase. It looks like a complete sentence but acts as an
17、adverbial. It contains a subject, but not a predicate verb. Although it states a complete thought, it can not stand by itself as its predicate verb is replaced by a participle or participial phrases. Noun + participle phrase = an absolute phrase,a sentence an absolute phrase,We are waiting in line.
18、The students held a meeting. The ruler was broken. The train was crowded. The climate is mild.The soil is rich in nutrients.,we waiting in linethe students holding a meeting the ruler broken the train crowdedthe climate (being) mildthe soil (being) rich in nutrients,The poor man lay there.His hands
19、were trembling. The poor man lay there, his hands trembling.The job has not finished.We couldnt see the film. The job not finished, we couldnt see the film.Nobody was at home.The thief took a lot of things away. Nobody (being) at home, the thief took a lot of things away.,II.2. FunctionAn absolute p
20、hrase functions as an adverb, indicating manner, time, place, cause, condition, or degree . It modifies the whole sentence rather than a particular word. All absolute phrases can be turned into correspondent adverbial clauses.The wings were damaged by the storm.The aircraft crashed. Its wings damage
21、d by the storm, the aircraft crashed.(Or: Because its wings were damaged by the storm, the aircraft crashed.)The weather permits.We will have the picnic tomorrow. Weather permitting, we will have the picnic tomorrow.(Or: If the weather permits, we will have the picnic tomorrow.),II.3. Position and p
22、unctuation As an absolute phrase acts as an adverb, its position in a sentence is very flexible. As sentence opener or subject-verb split, an absolute phrase usually expresses cause, time, condition, or purpose. As sentence closer, it shows effect or adds more detail or focus to the idea of the main
23、 clause, particularly when the absolute refers to an event that occurs later than the event in the main clause. An absolute is always treated as parenthetical element and is set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma or a pair of commas (sometimes by a dash or pair of dashes).,The dark cloud
24、s have dispersed.The sun shone again. The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again.The peoples livelihood is secure.The people now have the leisure.They can take up sports. The people, their livelihood secure, now have the leisure to take up sports.Two hundred people died in the accident.Ma
25、ny of them were children. Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.,Exercises: Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence containing at least one absolute phrase.,1. The soil is rich in nutrients.Everything grows quickly.(As the soil is rich in nutrients, ev
26、erything grows quickly.) The soil (being) rich in nutrient, everything grows quickly.2. The students had done well on the examination.The teacher gave them less homework.(As the students did well, the teacher gave them less homework.)The students having done well on the examination, the teacher gave
27、 them less homework.3. The hour was very late.We went home.(For the hour was very late, we went home.) The hour having been very late, we went home.,4. The boy led the way.We had no trouble.We found the cave.The cave was strange. The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.5.
28、 He died in 1892.People considered his death as a calamity.The calamity was national. He died in 1892, his death being considered as a national calamity.6. My shoes were removed.I entered a room.The ceiling of the room was low. My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room.7. He lay at full lengt
29、h.He was upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm He lay at full length upon his stomach, his head resting upon his left forearm.,Missing Commas with Nonessential Elements,Nonessential elements are words or phrases or clauses that may be removed from a sentence without changing the mea
30、ning of that sentence. A nonessential element should be set off with commas from the rest part of the sentence.1. With nonessential participles, infinitives, and their phrases When the participle, infinitive, or their phrases is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, we separate it from the r
31、est of the sentence with commas. To tell the truth we never doubt that he is honest. To tell the truth, we never doubt that he is honest. Simon absorbed in his book neglected food and sleep. Simon, absorbed in his book, neglected food and sleep.,2. With nonessential adjective clauses If an adjective
32、 clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, we set it off from the main clause with commas. The president who spoke first sat just in front of me. The president, who spoke first, sat just in front of me. The train I usually catch is a slow train. The train, I usually catch, is a slow tr
33、ain.,3. With nonessential appositives An appositive is a noun or pronoun that renames another noun or pronoun. It is placed directly after the noun or pronoun it identifies. If the appositive is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, we set it apart from the rest of the sentence with commas.
34、Compare: George Eliot, our neighbor, is a captain of an aircraft carrier. (nonessential) Our captain George Eliot is a captain of an aircraft carrier (essential) Hamlet a great play in English was written by Shakespeare. Hamlet, a great play in English, was written by Shakespeare. Thomas Jefferson t
35、he third president of the United States may be less famous than George Washington. Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, may be less famous than George Washington.,4. With interjections Interjections are words or phrases used to exclaim or protest or command. They are added to
36、a sentence to convey emotion, grammatically unrelated to any other part of the sentence. They are rarely used in formal or academic writing. An interjection should be set off from the rest of the sentence by commas. Oh no I forgot that the exam was tomorrow. Oh no, I forgot that the exam was tomorro
37、w. I dont care about it but good lord I think taxes are too high! I dont care about it but, good lord, I think taxes are too high!,5. With parenthetical expressions A parenthetical expression is an expression inserted into the flow of thought. It may be placed in the middle of a sentence or between
38、sentences, providing relevant yet nonessential information. It is set off from the rest of the sentence by commas. Phrases commonly used as parenthetic expressions include the following:As you know, as a matter of fact, as far as I know, as a result,After all, by the way, for example/instance, I gue
39、ss, well, etc. This principle is in fact extremely important. This principle is, in fact, extremely important. It is time for us to take an action I guess. It is time for us to take an action, I guess.,Exercises: Correct the following sentences by adding missing commas.,The castle burnt down a few y
40、ears ago was never rebuilt.Many villagers knowing all this still insisted on my paying for the damage.Many students who followed the instructions mechanically failed to obtain satisfactory results.Columbia University the second-largest landowner in New York City is part of the Ivy League.The tortois
41、e as far as I know has been on earth for thousands of years.You should forgive him for his forgetfulness; after all he is over seventy.The child needed sturdy shoes which were expensive.The old lady has just retired from India where she had lived for ten years.,Correcting:,The castle, burnt down a f
42、ew years ago, was never rebuilt.Many villagers, knowing all this, still insisted on my paying for the damage.Many students, who followed the instructions mechanically, failed to obtain satisfactory results.Columbia University, the second-largest landowner in New York City, is part of the Ivy League.
43、The tortoise, as far as I know, has been on earth for thousands of years.You should forgive him for his forgetfulness; after all, he is over seventy.The child needed sturdy shoes, which were expensive.The old lady has just retired from India, where she had lived for ten years.,The exercise in this s
44、ection is to create effective passages by combining the short sentences which you think is related into longer, more complex ones. If there are some mistakes, correct them.,Passage 1(Adapted from Lesson 8, New Concept English III by L.G.Alexander) The Great St. Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to I
45、taly. It is 2,473 meters high. it is the highest mountain pass in Europe. The monastery of St. Bernard is famous. People set it up in eleventh century. It lies about a mile away. For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travelers. These travelers were crossing the Pass. The Pa
46、ss was dangerous. These dogs were friendly. People first brought them from Asia. People used them as watchdogs. They did so even in Roman times. They built a tunnel. It was through the mountains. The Pass is less dangerous. Each year, people still sent the dogs out into the snow. At any time a trave
47、ller is in difficulty. There is the new tunnel. There are still a few people. They attempt to cross the Pass. They rashly did so. They are on foot.,The monastery is very busy during the summer months. Thousands of people visit it. They cross the Pass in cars. There are so many people about. They hav
48、e to keep the dogs in a enclosure. the enclosure is special. In winter, life is quite different. The life is at the monastery. The temperature drops to 30o . There are very few people. They attempt to cross the Pass. The monks like summer. The monks are more like winter. They have more privacy. The
49、dogs have greater freedom. People allowed them to wander outside their enclosure. Parties of skiers are the only visitors. They visit the monastery regularly. They do so in winter. They go there at Christmas. They go there at Easter. They are young people. They love the peace of mountains. The monks always give them a warm welcome at St. Bernards monastery.,
