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1、College English Grammar:Grammar and Writing,Unit 2,Basic parts of a sentence(II)Grammar:1.Object and complement 2Basic sentence structures Writing:Correcting:Run-on Sentence Rewriting:The importance of the subject,Object and complement,Generally,verbs can be put into two:linking verbs and action ver
2、bs.Both of them require a word to complete their meaning.We can call such a word complement.The complement of a linking verb is called a predicative or a subject complement,which describes or renames the subject.For example:My favorite playwright is William Shakespeare.Mark Twain became a pilot on a
3、 steamboat.She felt uneasy in the crowd.,The complement of an action verb is called an object.Subject is the doer of the action,and the object is the receiver of the action.The old man caught a big fish.Her husband frequently beat her.My uncle eventually gave up smoking.,Sometimes action verbs have
4、two different objects:direct object and indirect object.Direct object is the receiver of the action while an indirect object is the receiver of the direct object.For instance：Harry bought his son a new school-bag.Usually,a preposition“to”or“for”can be put in front of the indirect object.For example,
5、1.The old man left his daughter a large house.(The old man left a large house for his daughter.)2.Jim presented his girl friend a bunch of flowers.(Jim presented a bunch of flowers to his girl friend.),Adverbials indicates time,place,manner,and reasons.They answer questions such as when,where,how an
6、d why.Adverbials can be adverbs,prepositional phrases,or adverbial clauses.As a rule,a long adverbial are placed at the end of a sentence,while short adverbials are flexible to locate:at the beginning,in the middle or at the end may be all right.For instance 1.The train will arrive next morning.2.He
7、 carefully drove his car to the station.3.Very soon,she knew the full story.,Exercises 1:Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence.Omit words that are needlessly repeated,but dont leave out any important details.Keep in mind that many combinations are possible,and theres no sing
8、le correct one.,The man handed a photo of a girl.The photo was to me.He did that silently.The man was old.The girl was pretty.The old man silently handed a photo of a pretty girl to me.It was the first time in his life.He became a boss.He was proud.He owned a book-store.He proudly became a boss of a
9、 book-store for the first time in his life.,We have moved into a house.We did that recently The house was new.It had single-storied.We have moved into a new single-storied house recently.4.It occurred a short while ago.My brother helped me.We carried a bookcase up the stairs.The bookcase was very he
10、avy.A short while ago,my brother helped me carry a very heavy bookcase up the stairs.5.The firemen have put out a forest fire.The firemen did that at last.The fire was big.The fire broke out in California.At last the firemen have put out a big forest fire in California.,Basic sentence structures,Str
11、ucture 1:S-P The S-P sentence structure is made up of a noun,pronoun,or other nominal as the subject of the sentence and an intransitive verb or verb phrase as the predicate.Dead dog dont bite.Money talks.Structure 2:S-IV-CThe words acting as a predicative may be a prepositional phrase to show the p
12、lace of the subject,or a noun to identify or rename the subject,or an adjective to indicate the state of the subject.Speech is the picture of mind.The firemen are inside the building.,Structure 3:S-P-OThe verb acting as a predicate in the S-P-O sentence structure is a transitive verb,which may take
13、a direct object or both a direct object and an indirect object.Poverty tries friends.The Liberian handed me a Spanish dictionary.Structure 4:S-P-O-A The words acting as an adverbial can be adverbs,prepositional phrases,or adverbial clauses,providing information about time,place,manner,and reasons.Yo
14、u never miss the water till the well runs dry.No man can make a good coat with bad cloth.Structure 5:S-P-O-OCDifferent from an indirect object which is the receiver of the direct object,an object complement is to complete the meaning of the direct object.The words acting as an object complement can
15、be nouns,adjectives or prepositional phrases.The villagers found their bedrooms ankle-deep in water.The friendly mood makes us comfortable.,Exercises 2:Combine the sentences,I felt pleased with my bargainMy pleasure was especial.My bargain was wonderful.I felt especially pleased with my wonderful ba
16、rgain.People find this sort of joke.These people are foreign.This sort of joke are distasteful.Foreign people find this sort of joke distasteful.Advertising exerts an influence.The influence is subtle.The influence is on children.Advertising exerts a subtle influence on children.,I was being tested.
17、The test was for a driving license.It was the third time.I was being tested for a driving licence for the third time.A murder crossed the road.The road was in front of me.He did that with a sudden.A murder suddenly crossed the road in front of me.The scientist set up his camp.He did that successfull
18、y.His camp was very close to the volcano.The volcano was active.The scientist set up his camp very close to the active volcano successfully.,Run-on Sentence,A run-on sentence is two or more complete sentences written as though they were one sentence.1.Comma splice The most common kind of run-on sent
19、ence is perhaps a comma splice,which occurs when two main clauses are separated by a comma rather than by a semicolon or a period.For instance:Tom is a manager,he is working for a big company.Four solutions are available:1)Replace the comma with a period and begin the new sentence with a capital let
20、ter.Tom is a manager.He is working for a big company.2)Turn one of the sentences into a phrase.As a manager,Tom is working for a big company.Tom is a manager,working for a big company.,Two more solutions are available:The airport was built years ago,for some reason,it could not be used then.3)Place
21、a semicolon between the two main clauses.The airport was built years ago;for some reason,it could not be used then.4)Add a coordinating conjunction after the comma.The airport was built years ago,but for some reason,it could not be used then.,2.Two main clauses with no punctuation between them.It wa
22、s warm last Sunday I went and sat on the river bank as usual.Three solutions are available:1)Separate the sentences with a period and begin the second sentence with a capital letter.It was warm last Sunday.I went and sat on the river bank as usual.2)Separate the sentences with a semicolon.It was war
23、m last Sunday;I went and sat on the river bank as usual.3)Add a comma and a coordinating conjunction between the sentences.It was warm last Sunday,so I went and sat on the river bank as usual.,Exercises:Correct the following run-ons.,1.She dropped the letter in the box,then she regretted mailing it.
24、2.My brother has never been abroad before,he is finding this trip very exciting.3.Later a neighbor told me about her,her name is Jane Earl.4.We waited and waited,at the same time,nothing happened.5.I am an art student,usually I paint a lot of pictures.6.I did not know the way to my hotel,then I aske
25、d a policeman.7.She threw the bottle into the sea,then she never thought of it again8.The airport was built years ago,for some reason,it could not be used then.9.Some fishermen dont catch fish,instead,they catch old boots and rubbish.10.I repeated my question several times,at last he understood.,Cor
26、recting:,1.She dropped the letter in the box,and then she regretted mailing it.2.My brother has never been abroad before,so he is finding this trip very exciting.3.Later a neighbour told me about her.Her name is Jane Earl.4.We waited and waited.At the same time,nothing happened.5.I am an art student
27、,and usually I paint a lot of pictures.6.I did not know the way to my hotel,and then I asked a policeman.7.She threw the bottle into the sea,and then she never thought of it again8.The airport was built years ago,but for some reason,it could not be used then.9.Some fishermen dont catch fish.Instead,
28、they catch old boots and rubbish.10.I repeated my question several times.At last he understood.,The exercise in this section is to create effective passages by combining the short sentences which you think is related into longer,more complex ones.If there are some mistakes,correct them.,Passage 1(Ad
29、apted from Lesson 16,New Concept English by L.G.Alexander)Your car is parked by you in the wrong place.It will soon be found by a traffic policeman.You are let go by him.A ticket is not given to you by him.You will be very lucky.This does not always happen.Traffic police are sometimes very polite.I
30、was in a holiday in Sweden.This note was found by me on my car:sir,we welcome you to our city.This is a No Parking area.You pay attention to our street signs.You will enjoy your stay here.This note is only a reminder.A such kind of request is received by you.You can obey it!,Passage 2(Adapted from L
31、esson 18,New Concept English by L.G.Alexander)I had lunch at a village pub.After that I looked for my bag.I had left it on a chair.The chair was beside the door.Now it wasnt there!I looked for it.The landlord came in.He asked Did you have a good meal?.I answered Yes,thank you.I cant pay the bill.I havent got my bag.The landlord smiled.He immediately went out.In a few minutes he returned.He had my bag in his hand.He gave it back to me.He said Im very sorry.My dog had taken in into the garden.He often does this!,
