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1、College English Grammar:Grammar and Writing,By Zhu Xiangjun,Unit 14,Object clause and appositive clauses Grammar:1)Object clause 2)Appositive clauses Writing:Correcting:Mixed Construction Rewriting:Variety in sentence length,1.Object clauses When a noun clause functions as an object,it is called an
2、object clause.Object clauses usually begin with subordinating words like how,why,what,where,when,who,which,whose,whether,if,that,etc.No comma is needed when the object clauses are used in the complex sentences.Why was he wanted by the police？Daniel wondered the reason.Daniel wondered why he was want
3、ed by the police.Has any decision been made?Do you know the question?Do you know whether/if any decision has been made?He is honest.No one doubts it.No one doubts that he is honest.,Noun clauses that function as objects of prepositions are named object clauses too.Can we succeed?The question depends
4、 on this.How well do we cooperate?Whether we can succeed depends on how well we cooperate She walked up to the place.I stood at the place.She walked up to where I stood.,1.As long as the main clauses verb is in neither the past nor the past perfect tense,the verb of the subordinate clause can be in
5、any tense that conveys meaning accurately.Both of them will know that they have made a right choice.The teacher tells us when we will pay a visit to Mr.Jackson.2.If the main verb of a sentence is in the past or past perfect,then verbs in the subordinate clause must also express a past viewpoint.She
6、asked me where I was off to.I wondered how he could make such rapid progress in his study of French.,3.If the subordinate clause expresses what is commonly known as a general truth or fact,simple present tense is used even though the main verb of a sentence is in the past or past perfect:Columbus so
7、mehow knew that the world is round.The teacher told the students why the computer is a wonderful machine.4.If there is a specific past time in the clause,past tense is used even though the action of the object clause occurs before the action of the main clause.She told her students that the English
8、Channel was officially opened on March 7,1994.No one knows how the Houses of Parliament was burned down in 1834.,In everyday English,especially spoken English,the word that is usually omitted.But,the subordinating word that can not be omitted in the following cases:1)when there are two or more objec
9、t clause;He said that he couldnt tell you right away and that you wouldnt understand.2)when there is a parenthesis between the predicate verb of the main clause and the object clause;Just then I noticed,for the first time,that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.,3)when
10、 that-clause is direct object of double objects;I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.4)when there is a logic object“it”before the real object.We think it important that we apply the theory into practice.In addition,whether and if can replace each other in object clauses,but if can
11、 not be used when it goes after a preposition or when it go together with the phrase“or not”He wants to learn about whether the meeting has been cancelled.Please let us know whether you find the terms acceptable or not.,2.Appositive clauses Different from the appositives,the appositive clauses are n
12、ot separated by a comma.They are familiar with the opinion.The opinion is this.All matter consists of atoms.They are familiar with the opinion that all matter consists of atoms.No one can settle the question.The question is this.Should the new rule be adopted?No one can settle the question whether t
13、he new rule should be adopted.,Appositive clauses are usually placed immediately after the words they modify.But,if the main clause is short,the appositive clause of the subject can be placed at the end of the sentence as well.Maybe the enemy had fled the city.The thought came to him.The thought cam
14、e to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.The word came several years later.Several years later，the word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.,In grammar,the subordinating words that introduce appositive clauses play no role in the c
15、lauses whereas the relative pronouns that introduce adjective clauses play roles in the clauses.They were all shocked at the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.(an appositive clause,that plays no role in the clause)They were all shocked at the news that was announced on the radio.(an adjec
16、tive clause,that plays the role of subject of the clause),Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence containing at least one object clause or appositive clause.,1.How soon are they coming?I have no idea.I have no idea how soon they are coming.2.Our team had won.We heard the news.
17、We heard the news that our team had won.3.You can cross Canada in less than five days The idea is just wrong.The idea that you can cross Canada in less than five days is just wrong.,One of the boxes was extremely heavy.No one could account for the fact.No one could account for the fact that one of t
18、he boxes was extremely heavy.5.Experts confirmed this.A puma is cornered.It will attack a human being.Experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.6.The wallet must have been found by one of the villagers.Sam was sure of that.It was no returned to him.Sam was sur
19、e that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers,but it was no returned to him.7.I rang the bell.I was not surprised to see this.Mr.Smith was still as fat as ever.I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Mr.Smith was still as fat as ever.,Mixed Construction,Sometimes we start
20、to say something in one way,but in the middle of our statement,we make a change to say it in another way.A sentence that starts with one grammatical form and ends with another is called a mixed construction.The improperly mixed forms result in confusion.Some of the students were trapped in a cave ha
21、ve already been brought out.Some of the students(who were)trapped in a cave have already been brought out.There are so many people havent houses after the earthquake.There are so many people who havent houses after the earthquake.There are so many people without houses after the earthquake.So many p
22、eople havent houses after the earthquake.,Particular attention should be paid to the following mixed constructions.1.Imperative sentence+is+the best way.Dont interfere with each other is the best way to keep friends.Not to interfere with each other is the best way to keep friends.Keep silent is the
23、best policy when you are not clear about the situation.To keep silent is the best policy when you are not clear about the situation.To correct the problem,you can turn the imperative sentence into an infinitive phrase.,2.There+be+needed/demanded+noun Even among the closest friends,there is also need
24、ed privacy.Even among the closest friends,privacy is also needed.There are demanded large fees to complete the research work.Large fees are demanded to complete the research work.You can correct the problem by deleting the“there”and placing the noun before the verb“be”as a subject.,3.The reason+is+b
25、ecause The only reason why I am leaving the present position is because I want a chance to better myself.The only reason why I am leaving the present position is that I want a chance to better myself.Another primary reason is because there seem to be too many private cars and not enough public buses
26、.Another primary reason is that there seem to be too many private cars and not enough public buses.Though common in speech,the reason is because is both ungrammatical and redundant.The mixed construction like this is easy to correct.Leave the word“because”out and replace it with the word“that”.,Corr
27、ect the following mixed construction.,Dont stay up too late is a good living habit.The moment you leave this room will get a big surprise.It is said that if anyone touches the tree will have bad luck.The reason for his success is because he always works so hard.There is needed that kind of capacity
28、to cope with the problem.Though she hesitated for a moment at the door and finally went in.Maybe dont respect to friends doesnt matter too much.A woman was in jeans stood at the window of an expensive shop.If two men whose interests are the same,they can make good friends.In order to keep close rela
29、tionship between friends is to pay respect to each other.,Keys:1.Dont stay up Not to stay up 2.,you will get a big surprise.3.he or she will have bad luck 4.because that 5.That kind of capacity is needed to cope with the problem.6.and finally went in,she finally went in7.Maybe dont respect Maybe not
30、 to respect8.A woman was in jeans 9.If two men whose interests are the same If the interests of two men are the same10.is to pay,people should pay,Assignment：,The exercise in this section is to create effective passages by combining the short sentences which you think is related into longer,more com
31、plex ones.If there are some mistakes,correct them.Passage 1(Adapted from Lesson 10,New Concept English III by L.G.Alexander)Titanic was a great ship.On April 10th,1912,it sailed for New York from Southampton.1,316 passengers and 891 crew were on the ship.It had 46,000 ton.Even by modern standard,it
32、was a huge one.People had built many ships.Titanic was the largest ship at that time.They thought it unsinkable.She had sixteen watertight compartments.Two of these were filled with water.It could still float.People will always remember the terrible sinking of the great ship.It sank on its first voy
33、age.Life lost heavily.,It set out.On the forth day,the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic.A lookout suddenly discovered a great iceberg.He gave an alarm immediately.The ship turned sharply.It hoped to avoid colliding with the iceberg face to face.It turned in time.It nar
34、rowly missed the great wall of ice.The wall was more than 100 feet above the sea.Suddenly,people heard a trembling sound from below.The sound was slight.The captain went down to see the problem.The noise was very little.No one thought the ship had been destroyed.On the bottom of the ship,the captain was horrified to see this.The Titanic was sinking fast.Five of its sixteen watertight compartments had already been filled with water.He gave an order.They wanted to give up the ship.Many people jumped into the water.The water was icy.Not enough lifeboats for all passengers.1,500 people died.,
