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1、Normal Delivery,同济医院妇产科 陈雯,分娩(delivery)a physiologic process during which the products of conception(i.e,the fetus,membranes,umbilical cord,and placenta)are expelled outside of the uterus.妊娠满28周及其以后的胎儿及附属物,从临产发动至从母体全部娩出的过程。,早 产 premature delivery:28周37周。足月产 term delivery:37周42周。过期产 post-term deliver
2、y:42周,早 产 premature delivery,Premature delivery is labor that occurs between 2837 weeks of pregnancy.Birthing a baby before 37 weeks may require a stay in the neonatal intensive care unit.,过期产 post-term delivery,A pregnancy that has reached 42 or more weeks is called a post-term or post-date pregnan
3、cy.A very small number of post-term pregnancies are linked to stillbirth and infant death.For safety reasons,most health professionals will plan to deliver a baby by 42 weeks,inducing labor or cesarean section if necessary.,Chapter 1 mechanisms of delivery,Mechanical theory:宫内压力增高 子宫下段及宫颈发生机械性扩张,引发神
4、经垂体释放缩宫素 Endocrine theory:孕晚期内源性前列腺素增多,诱发宫缩,促宫颈成熟 临产前子宫缩宫素受体显著增多,增强子宫对缩宫 素的敏感性 neurotransmitters theory:乙酰胆碱能使子宫肌细胞膜对Na+的通透性增加,Na+向细胞内移,K+向细胞外移,加强子宫收缩,Chapter 1 mechanisms of delivery,Results of many factors妊娠末期的机械性刺激内分泌变化神经介质的释放 促使子宫下段的形成和逐渐成熟、被动扩张,继发前列腺素及缩宫素释放,子宫肌层规律收缩,形成分娩发动。,Chapter 2 Influence
5、Factors,Labor force,Birth canal,fetus,Psychological factors,一、labor Force,定义:将胎儿及其附属物从子宫内逼出的 力量。Contractions(宫缩)腹肌及膈肌收缩力(腹压)肛提肌收缩力,1、子宫收缩力Labor contractions,临产后主要产力,贯穿于整个产程特点:节律性:periodic tightening and relaxing of the uterine muscle,对称性极性,缩复作用,2、腹肌及膈肌的收缩力第二产程中重要的辅助力量每当宫缩时,前羊水囊或胎先露部压迫骨盆底组织及直肠,反射性地引起
6、排便动作,产妇主动屏气,喉头紧闭向下用力,腹壁肌及膈肌强有力的收缩使腹内压增高,促使胎儿娩出 腹压在第二产程,特别是第二产程末期配以宫缩时运用最有效第三产程还可促使已剥离的胎盘娩出,3、肛提肌收缩力 协助胎先露部在骨盆腔进行内旋转 当胎头枕部露于耻骨弓下时,能协助胎头仰伸及 娩出 胎儿娩出后,胎盘降至阴道时,肛提肌收缩力有 助于胎盘娩出,二、产道 birth canal,骨产道 bony canal/bony passage软产道 soft tissue of birth canal,.前后径(conjugate vera)11cm 2.横 径(transverse diameter)13cm
7、 3.斜 径(oblique diameters)12.75cm,(一)骨产道 bony canal,(1)骨盆入口平面 pelvic inlet plane,(2)中骨盆平面 mid plane of pelvis,骨盆最小平面呈前后径长的椭圆形坐骨棘间径:10cmInterspinous diameter,(3)骨盆出口平面 pelvic outlet plane,两个不同平面的三角形组成。若出口横径较短,须其后矢状径15cm时方可分娩,2、骨盆轴与骨盆倾斜度,骨盆轴 axis of pelvis:连接骨盆各平面中点的曲线,骨盆倾斜度 inclination of pelvis:直立时,骨
8、盆入口平面与地平面所形成的角度,一般为60,(二)、软产道soft tissue of birth canal,子宫下段 lower segment of uterus宫颈 cervix阴道及盆底软组织,1、The formation of lower segment of uterus峡部伸展形成:非孕时1cm 临产后7-10cm生理缩复环 physiologic retraction ring,2、Change of cervix,宫颈管消失(effacement of cervix):规律宫缩和前羊水囊的作用宫口扩张(dilatation of cervix):子宫收缩及缩复向上牵拉的结
9、果,以及前羊水囊的协助作用,2、宫颈的变化,宫颈管消失(effacement of cervix):规律宫缩和前羊水囊的作用宫口扩张(dilatation of cervix):子宫收缩及缩复向上牵拉的结果,以及前羊水囊的协助作用,3、骨盆底、阴道及会阴的变化,软产道下段形成向前弯的长筒阴道粘膜皱襞展平会阴体变薄:5cm 2-4mm阴道和骨盆底的结缔组织和肌纤维增生肥大,血管变粗,三、胎儿 fetus,1、胎儿大小:是决定分娩难易的重要因素之一胎头颅骨:颅缝 囟门(前囟、后囟),胎头径线:双顶径:平均9.3cm 枕额径 枕下前囟径,2、胎位 fetal position:矢状缝和囟门是确定胎
10、位的重要标志,胎位,臀位横位,3、Fetal deformity 胎儿某一部分发育异常,如脑积水、联体儿等,由于胎头或胎体过大,通过产道常发生困难,四、psychological factors,产妇精神心理因素能够影响机体内部的平衡、适应力和健康 心率加快、呼吸急促、肺内气体交换不足,致使子宫缺氧、收缩乏力、宫口扩张缓慢,产程延长,产妇体力消耗过多 交感神经兴奋,释放儿茶酚胺,血压升高,导致胎儿缺血缺氧,出现胎儿窘迫,四、psychological factors,无痛分娩消除紧张、恐惧、焦虑情绪,四、psychological factors,陪伴分娩 doula delivery Dou
11、la:the Greek term for female helper A doulas job is to soothe a womans fears and to help her through labor,第三节、枕先露的分娩机制,分娩机制(mechanism of labor)During delivery the infantile head has to conform to the various pelvic sections.是指胎儿先露部随着骨盆各平面的不同形态,被动地进行一连串适应性转动,以其最小径线通过产道的全过程。,枕左前的分娩机制,衔接(engagement):双
12、顶径进入骨盆入口平面,胎头颅骨最低点接近或达到坐骨棘水平。枕额径衔接下降(descent):胎头沿骨盆轴前进的动作 贯穿于分娩全过程,俯屈(flexion)在骨盆底,胎头枕部遇到肛提肌的阻力,借杠杆作用进一步俯屈,变枕额经为枕下前囱径,以适应产道的最小径线,内旋转(Internal rotation):矢状缝与中骨盆及出口平面 前后径一致,仰伸(extension)宫缩和肛提肌的合力使胎头下降方向转向前,复位及外旋转Restitution and external rotation 胎头向左旋转45 而后继续向左旋转45 保持胎头与胎肩的正常关系,胎肩及胎儿娩出delivery of shou
13、lder and fetus,第四节、先兆临产及临产的诊断,先兆临产 假临产 false labor 胎儿下降感 lightening 见红 show:在分娩发动前24-48小时内,因宫颈内口附近的胎膜与该处的子宫壁分离,毛细血管破裂经阴道排出少量血液,与宫颈管内的粘液相混排出。,临产的诊断 Diagnosis of Labor The onset of labor is defined as regular,painful uterine contractions resulting in progressive cervical effacement and dilatation.临产开始
14、的标志为有规律且逐渐增强的子宫收缩,持续30秒或以上,间歇5-6分钟,同时伴随进行性宫颈管消失、宫口扩张和胎先露部下降。,总产程及产程分期,总产程(total stage of labor):是指从开始出现规律宫缩直到胎儿胎盘娩出。临床分为3个产程。,第一产程:宫颈扩张期The first stage of labor,The first stage begins with regular uterine contractions and ends with complete cervical dilatation at 10 cm.从开始出现间歇5-6分钟的规律宫缩到宫口开全。初产妇的宫颈较
15、紧,宫口扩张较慢,约需11-12小时;经产妇的宫颈较松,宫口扩张较快,约需6-8小时。,第二产程:胎儿娩出期 The second stage of labor,The second stage begins with complete cervical dilatation and ends with the delivery of the fetus.从宫口开全到胎儿娩出。初产妇约需1-2小时;经产妇通常数分钟即可完成,但也有长达1小时者。,第三产程:胎盘娩出期 The third stage of labor,The third stage of labor is defined by
16、the time period between the delivery of the fetus and the delivery of the placenta and fetal membranes.从胎儿娩出到胎盘娩出,约需5-15分钟,不应超过30分钟。,第五节、第一产程的临床经过及处理,(一)、临床表现Regular contraction:持续30秒,间歇5-6分钟宫口扩张胎头下降程度胎膜破裂rupture of membrane,(二)、观察及处理,子宫收缩:触诊、监护(内、外监护)The frequency,duration,and intensity of uterine
17、contractions should be assessed 胎心:听诊、胎心监护仪,normal abnormal,宫口扩张及先露下降:产程图Friedman labor curve,宫口扩张曲线:第一产程分潜伏期和活跃期潜伏期(latent phase):规律宫缩宫口开大3cm,8h,16h称延长活跃期(active phase):宫口开大3cm10cm,4h,8h称延长 加 速 期:3cm4cm,1h30min 最大加速期:4cm9cm,2h 减 速 期:9cm10cm,30min,胎头下降曲线,以胎头颅骨最低点与坐骨棘平面关系标明。,产程图,(二)、观察及处理,胎膜破裂:宫口近开全时
18、自然破裂,应立即听胎心,观察羊水性状、颜色和量肛查:宫颈软硬程度、厚薄,宫口扩张程度、是否破膜,骨盆腔大小,确定胎位以及胎头下降程度 阴道检查:直接摸清胎头,并能触清矢状缝及囟门确定胎位、宫口扩张程度,以决定其分娩方式,(二)、观察及处理,BP:每46h测一次,宫缩时可轻微升高排尿与排便活动与休息精神安慰饮食:少量多餐,足够水分,第六节、第二产程的临床经过及处理,临床表现破膜屏气胎头拨露head visible on vulva gapping胎头着冠crowning of head,观察及处理,勤听胎心:5-10min指导产妇屏气接产准备:初产妇宫口开全、经产妇宫口扩张4cm且宫缩规律有力时
19、,应将产妇送至产室作好接产准备工作,接产会阴撕裂诱因:会阴水肿、会阴过紧缺乏弹性、耻骨弓过低、胎儿过大、胎儿娩出过快 接产要领:保护会阴的同时,协助胎头俯屈,让胎头以最小径线缓慢地通过阴道口,胎盘剥离征象The uterus contracts and risesthe cord suddenly lengthensa gush of blood occurs,第七节、第三产程临床经过及处理,胎盘剥离娩出方式:胎儿面娩出式即舒氏:胎盘先娩出,随后有少量阴道出血;母体面娩出式即顿氏:先有多量阴道出血,胎盘后娩出;,新生儿处理:清理呼吸道 Apgar评分 处理脐带,处理,协助胎盘娩出,Management,检查胎盘、胎膜检查软产道预防产后出血,观察2小时,