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1、Sedimentological Processes Modeling,Christopher G.St.C.Kendall,Outline of Presentation,Data-Outcrops,well log&seismic cross sections Sequence stratigraphy&modelingRelative sea level&2D/3D sedimentary simulationsInverse conceptual simulation models versus numerical forward modelingShort-term,high-res
2、olution,local versus long-term basin wideHolocene data particularly carbonatesSedimentary simulation movies&modeling.,Interconnected modules of numerical process simulations of sedimentary basins evolution-the future,Sequence Stratigraphy History,1791-William Smith established relationship of sedime
3、ntary rocks to geologic time1962-Hess proposed the theory of sea-floor spreading1963-Vine&Matthews identified deep ocean paleomagnetic stripes“1965-Wilson began developing the theory of plate tectonics1977-Vail proposed the discipline of sequence stratigraphy,Types of Simulations,Sedimentary modelin
4、g:Carbonates vs.clastics Stochastic vs.deterministic Fuzzy vs.empiricalSmall vs large oceanic basins,Traditional Use of Sedimentary Simulations,Understand complexities of clastic or carbonate stratigraphyIdentify&model sedimentary systems.Quantify models that explain&predict stratal geometries withi
5、n sequences.Used by specialized experts who design&build the simulations.,Sedimentary process models from outcrops,well log&seismic cross sections used to:,Sedimentological Processes Modeling,Inverse conceptual simulation modelsNumerical forward modeling advanced.Short-term,high-resolution local eve
6、nts vs a long-term regional events,2D&3D sedimentary simulations,relative sea level,physical processes,&sedimentation&erosion:,Approaches to modeling Geometric models,Fixed depositional geometries are assumed Conservation of mass Simple computations through general nonlinear dynamic models Variation
7、s in depositional geometriesVariations in surface slope vs discharge More complex computationally,Chris Paola,2002,Some sedimentary models,Short-term local events,SEDSIM(Tetzlaff and Harbaugh,1989)SEDFLUX(Syvitski et al.,1998a;Syvitski et al.,1998b),Long-term regional events,PHIL(Bowman et al 1999)S
8、EDPAK(Eberli,et al,1994)FUZZIM(Nordlund1999a&b)CSM(Syvitski et al.,2002)Robinson and Slingerland,1998 Steckler et al.,1993.,Ross et al.,1995Jervey,1988Perlmutter et al.,1998,Chris Paola,Geometric Model,Chris Paola,Geometric Models“Jurassic Tank”,Chris Paola,2002.,Geometric Model,Eberli,et al,1994,Us
9、es by Specialized Users,John W.Harbaugh 3D sedimentary fillCarey et al.,model high-resolution sequence stratigraphy Bowman&Vail empirical stratigraphic interpretion-stratigraphy of the Baltimore CanyonKendall et al.,empirical stratigraphic simulator for BahamasSyvitski et al.,model links fluvial dis
10、charge,suspended sediment plume,associated turbidites,the effects of slope stability,debris flow,and downslope diffusion,Approaches to modeling Geometric models,Aigner-Deterministic 2D Bosence et al.-3D Forward&Fieldwork Bosscher-2D Forward Model Bowman-Forward Model Cowell-Shoreface ModelCross and
11、Duan-3D Forward Model Demicco-Fuzzy Modeling,Some of the carbonate modelers,Aigner-Deterministic 2D Bosence et al.-3D Forward&Fieldwork Bosscher-2D Forward Model Bowman-Forward Model Cowell-Shoreface ModelCross and Duan-3D Forward Model Demicco-Fuzzy Modeling,Flemmings-Meter-scale shaoling cyclesGol
12、dhammer-High-frequency platform carbonate cyclesGranjeon-Diffusion-based stratigraphic modelKendall Deterministic forward modelUlf Nordlund-Fuzzy logicRead-Two-dimensional modeling Rivanaes-Depth-dependent diffusion models of erosion,transport&sedimentation,Further carbonate modelers!,Why limited us
13、e of simulations,Software integrates seismic,well logs,outcrops¤t depositional systemsOn site interpretations&evalutation of data revealing origin of sediment depositional systemsModels explain sedimentary geometries displayed on interpreted seismic&well log sections,Historically sedimentary m
14、odeling derived from real data,Seismic Wells.OutcropBut less from:Holocene,Data Sources,Seismic,Wells,Outcrops,Outcrops,King 1954,Simulation Data Needs,Models are commonly based on subsurfaceInput variables known but values are inferred from geologic recordNeed to refine observations at depositionCo
15、mplexity needs to be handled by a team approach,Need to gather data from a Holocene setting like the“Arabian Gulf”,Restricted Entrance To Sea,Isolated linearBelt of interiordrainage,Regional Drainage Into Basin,Arid Tropics Air System,Wide Envelope of surrounding continents,United Arab Emirate Coast
16、,BarrierIslandCoast,Aeolian System,Arid Climate,CoastalEvaporiteSystem,ReefPlatform,United Arab Emirate Coast,TidalDeltas,Arid Climate,CoastalEvaporiteSystem,Reef&Lagoon,Power of Simulation Movies,Annotated movies of sedimentary simulation show evolution of sedimentary geometries in response to vari
17、ations in rates of:SedimentationTectonic movementSea-level position,Movies involve hypothetical&real-life examples based on outcrops,well log&seismic cross sections.,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,C
18、lastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulati
19、on,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Clastic Simulation,Geometric Effects of Sea Level Change,On-lap with rising sea levelOff-lap with falling sea levelBy-pass at low stands of sea levelErosion at low stands of sea level
20、Ravinement with sea level transgressionsLandward continental clastics at high standsSeaward carbonates at high stands,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,
21、Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigr
22、aphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Chronostratigraphic Chart,Ch
23、ronostratigraphic Chart,Venezuelan Example,Example 1:Well Log Correlation,Example 1:Well Log Correlation,Example 1:Well Log Correlation,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-E
24、xample,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Venezuel
25、an-Example,Venezuelan-Example,Sedimentary Simulations&Sequence Stratigraphy,Factors controlling sequence stratigraphic geometriesEfficient interpretations of data Enhances biostratigraphy&infers ages Quantifies modelsIdentifies&models ancient sedimentary systems Sharing data with others,Potential us
26、e of sedimentary simulations,Stratal architecture-hydrocarbon explorationWater storage&geochemistry of hydrologic cycleNatural hazards assessment of risk Landscapes managementSedimentary basins as incubators of the deep biosphereControl carbon&other elemental cycles from sedimentary basins&eroded la
27、ndscapes Tracking global®ional climate change,Sedimentary Simulations Conclusions,Earlier sedimentary simulation modelled large scale processes Will focus on smaller scale processes,to predict distribution of heterogeneous sedimentary facies from,a)3D perspective b)Fluid flow c)Role of diagenesis
28、,These models will probably involve combinations of fuzzy logic,empirical,stochastic&deterministic algorithms,Simulation Design,The design&use of sedimentary simulations involves:Complexity of stratigraphic geometries and sedimentation Changes in base level Data sources&qualityTypes of outputSensiti
29、vity of the results to errors in data input&model used,Simulations-which way?,Sedimentary models are a mix of deterministic and process driven Input variables are know but their value has to inferred from the geologic recordSedimentary models are going 3DSubsurface models are commonly oil field base
30、dMovies are worth a thousand words,Sharpens&accelerates ability to observe&interpret complex sequence stratigraphic geometric relationships,Future Directions,Interconnected modules of numerical process simulationsTrack the evolution of sedimentary basins&their associated landscapesTime scales rangin
31、g from individual events to many millions of years,http:/instaar.Colorado.EDU/deltaforce/workshop/csm.html).,Recently emphasis within the USA by US Government agencies&associated academic institutes:,Community Model,Conclusions Future,Emphasis has been switched to whether:One process should be coupl
32、ed or uncoupled with respect to anotherA particular process is deterministic or stochasticAnalytical solutions have yet been formulated for a particular processProcesses can be scaled across time and spaceDeveloping adequate databases on key parameters from field or laboratory measurementLevels of simplification(1D,2D,3D),Thus initially while over simple forward conceptual&empirical models were more widely used,lately computational process driven forward models have gained greater acceptance,&collective models may be the new wave,
