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1、领域：数控技术、CAD/CAM技术、柔性加工技术、集成制造 技术、智能制造技术、虚拟制造技术、绿色制造技术趋势：高精度、高效率、自动化、信息化、智能化 制造业数控化率年增长率达6%，据预测到2020年，我国制造业数控化率将达到60%，正向制造业大国迈进。,NUMERICAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY,Chapter 1Introduction to Numerical ControlTeacher Ren Xiaozhong,Electromechanical Engineering CollegeHenan University of Science and Technology
2、,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1、Fundamental of NC Technology1.2、Classifications of NC Machines1.3、Features of Numerical Control and Its Application Areas,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.1、Development History of NC,1946-the first computer appeared in the world,whi
3、ch lift the curtain on the mankind into information time.,1948-Parsons Corporation brought forward using computer to control machine,when they machined the surface contours of airfoil shape.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.1、Development History of NC,Under the support by the U.S Ai
4、r Force,Responsed by the Servomechanisms Laboratory at the MIT(Massachusetts Institute of Technology),.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.1、Development History of NC,Three years later,in 1952 MIT and Parsons Corporation cooperated with each other,and developed the first NC machine whic
5、h named Cincinnati Hydrotel milling machine.,Background,time and place,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.1、Development History of NC,The first generation,19521955 vacuum tubes,electrical relays and complicated machine control interfaces.,The second generation,19551959 miniature elect
6、ronic tubes,transistors.,The third generation,19591965 small scale integrated circuits.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.1、Development History of NC,Above three generations,their NC functions were performed by hardware(electronic circuits),so we call them“hardwired NC”(硬线数控),1955,19
7、59,1965,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.1、Development History of NC,The fourth generation,1970s(19701974)minicomputers.(CNC),The fifth generation,1974-microprocessor.1979(VLIC)(MCNC),1994 PC-NC.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.1、Development History of NC,After the
8、 fourth generations,their NC functions were performed by software(based on computer),so we call them“softwired NC”or“computer numerical control”(计算机数控CNC),1970,1974,1994,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.2 Concept of NC and CNC,1、NC(Numerical Control,数字控制),Numerical Control（NC）is a f
9、orm of programmable automation in which the mechanical actions of a machine tool or other machines are controlled by a program containing coded alphanumeric data.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.2 Concept of NC and CNC,2、Numerical Control Technology,(数控技术),It means the technology w
10、hich adopts NC methods to control a work process to realize the automation.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.2 Concept of NC and CNC,3、Numerical Control Machine Tools,(数控机床),It is a kind of machine tools which adopts the numerical control technology to realize the work process autom
11、ation.It is a typical example of NC application.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.2 Concept of NC and CNC,4、Numerical Control System,(数控系统),It is the equipment which can realize the numerical control.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.2 Concept of NC and CNC,5、CNC(Co
12、mputer Numerical Control,计算机数控),The machine control units are based on computer technology.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.3 Basic Components of NC Machine Tools,The control system of a numerically controlled machine tool can handle many tasks commonly done by the operator of a co
13、nventional machine.The system has the ability to perform the control functions through the numerical input information,which is the control program,also called the part program.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.3 Basic Components of NC Machine Tools,The work process of NC is shown a
14、s the right figure.,Part drawing,Control computer,Servo-drive unit,Machine tool,Part,Firstly,the part programmer should study the part drawing and the process chart.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.3 Basic Components of NC Machine Tools,The work process of NC is shown in the right
15、figure.,Part drawing,Control computer,Servo-drive unit,Machine tool,Part,Then the part programmer should prepare the control program on a standard form in the specified format.It contains all the necessary control information,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.3 Basic Components of NC
16、 Machine Tools,The work process of NC is shown in the right figure.,Part drawing,Control computer,Servo-drive unit,Machine tool,Part,Next the part program is transferred into the control computer(MDI).the computer converts each command into the signal that the servo-drive unit needs,.,Chapter 1 INTR
17、ODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.3 Basic Components of NC Machine Tools,The work process of NC is shown in the right figure.,Part drawing,Control computer,Servo-drive unit,Machine tool,Part,At last,the servo-drive unit drives the machine tool to manufacture the finished part,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTIO
18、N TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.3 Basic Components of NC Machine Tools,A typical NC machine tool has five fundamental units:(1)the input media;(2)the machine control unit;(3)the servo-drive unit;(4)the feedback transducer;(5)the mechanical machine tool unit,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1
19、.1.3 Basic Components of NC Machine Tools,The general relationship among the five components is illustrated in the below.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.3 Basic Components of NC Machine Tools,The input media contains the program of instructions,it is the detailed step-by-step comm
20、ands that direct the actions of the machine tool;the program of instructions is called a part program.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.3 Basic Components of NC Machine Tools,The program is coded on a suitable medium for submission to the machine control unit.,The common medium in t
21、he past is punched tape,magnetic tape:,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.3 Basic Components of NC Machine Tools,Now,The common medium is diskette,electronic transfer from a computer(RS232C):,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.3 Basic Components of NC Machine Tools,MCU
22、consists of a microcomputer and related control hardware that stores the program of instructions and executes it by converting each command into mechanical actions of machine tool,one command at a time.the MCU includes system software,calculation algorithm,and transition software to covert the NC pa
23、rts program into a usable format for the MCU,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.1.3 Basic Components of NC Machine Tools,Spindle and feed drive motors and their servo-amplifiers are the components of the servo-drive unit.The MCU processes the data and generates discrete numerical positi
24、on commands for each feed drive and velocity command for the spindle drive.The numerical commands are converted into signal voltage by the MCU unit and sent to servo-amplifiers,which process and amplify them to the high voltage levels required by the drive motors.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERIC
25、AL CONTROL,1.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF NC MACHINE,Numerical control machines are classified in different way:(1)The types of NC motion control system;(2)The type of servo-drive system;(3)Application of NC,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.1 Types of NC Motion Control System,Motion control
26、 systems for NC can be divided into two types:(1)Point-to-point control system(点位控制系统);(2)Continuous(Contouring)path control system;（连续控制或轮廓控制系统）,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.1 Types of NC Motion Control System,1.2.1.1 Point-to-point control system,Point to point(positioning)con
27、trol in NC,It is also called Positioning control system,Which moves the worktable to a programmed location without regard to the path taken to get to the location.That is to say,the path between points is of little concern and is not particularly controlled.The program consists of a series of point
28、locations at which operations are performed.Such as drilling or punching a hole.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.1 Types of NC Motion Control System,1.2.1.1 point-to-point control system,Many NC point to-point systems contain a more complex MCU.IN these servos,positioning commands
29、are evaluated simultaneously so that vector motion in two axes is possible.The movements between points can be done along straight or 450 vectors paths determined by the machine ways or slides.Such systems are some times called straight-cut control system.（点位/直线）,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICA
30、L CONTROL,1.2.1 Types of NC Motion Control System,1.2.1.2 Contouring Control System,It is also called continuous path control system,which manages the simultaneous motion(resultant motion)of the cutting tool in two,three,four,of five axes by interpolating(插补)the proper path between prescribed points
31、.It enables the cutting tool to generate angular surfaces,two-dimensional curves,or three-dimensional contours in the workpiece,such as milling and turning operations.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.1 Types of NC Motion Control System,1.2.1.3 Interpolation,To cut along a circular
32、path,the circle must be divided into a series of straight-line segments that approximate the circular path.The tool is commanded to machine each line segment in succession so that the machined surface closely matches the desired shape.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.2 Types of NC
33、Servo-Drive System,The principal function of NC is the positioning of the tool or the machine table in accordance with the programmed data.Industry has developed three different types of drives based on how the NC system accomplishes positioning.These are the open-loop（开环）,the closed-loop（闭环）and hal
34、f closed-loop（半闭环）drive system.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.2 Types of NC Servo-Drive System,1.2.2.1 Open-Loop Servo-Drive,It is the simplest and least cost form of servo-drive.It is characterized as a system that lacks feedback.That is,once an input control signal is sent,ther
35、e is no sensing device to confirm the action of the control signal.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.2 Types of NC Servo-Drive System,1.2.2.2 Half-Closed-Loop Servo-Drive,It is characterized as a system that the indirect feedback monitors the output of servomotor.Although this metho
36、d is popular with NC systems,it is not as accurate as direct feedback,The half-closed-loop system compares the command position signal with the drive signal of the servomotor.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.2 Types of NC Servo-Drive System,1.2.2.2 Half-Closed-Loop Servo-Drive,.,Ch
37、apter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.2 Types of NC Servo-Drive System,1.2.2.3 Closed-Loop Servo-Drive,It is characterized as a system that the direct feedback monitors the output of servomotor.A feedback sensor directly measures the position of worktable.With its drive signal originated by
38、the worktable,It is the preferred system because it monitors the actual position of the worktable on which the part is mounted.It is more accurate;however,its implementation costs are higher.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.2 Types of NC Servo-Drive System,1.2.2.3 Closed-Loop Servo
39、-Drive,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,The applications of CNC are divided into two categories:,Machine tool applications;non-machine tool applications.,It should be noted that the applications are not always identified by the name“numerical control”,this term
40、is used principally in the machine tool industry.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,1.2.3.1 Machine Tool Application,The most common applications of NC are in machine tool control,machining was the first application of NC.Machining is a manufacturing process in w
41、hich the geometry of work is produced by removing excess material.By controlling the relative motion between a cutting tool and the workpiece,the desired geometry is created.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,1.2.3.1 Machine Tool Application,The common NC machine
42、 tools are listed in the following along with their typical features:,NC lathe(数控车床),Turning requires two-axis continuous path control,either to produce a straight cylindrical geometry or to create a profile.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,1.2.3.1 Machine Tool
43、 Application,NC boring mill(数控镗铣床),horizontal or vertical spindle.Boring is similar to turning,except that an internal cylinder is created instead of an external cylinder.The operation requires continuous path,two-axis control.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,1
44、.2.3.1 Machine Tool Application,NC drill press(数控钻床),These machines use point-to-point control of workhead and two axis control of the worktable.Some NC drill presses have turrets containing six or eight drill bits.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,1.2.3.1 Machi
45、ne Tool Application,NC milling machine(数控铣床),It requires continuous path control to perform straight cut or contouring operations.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,1.2.3.1 Machine Tool Application,NC grinding machine(数控磨床),It is intended for finishing treatment
46、of workparts.The grinding machine includes cylindrical-,surface-,internal-,spindle-,thread-,gear-and tool-grinding machines.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,1.2.3.1 Machine Tool Application,Machine center(加工中心),It is defined as multifunction NC machines with au
47、tomatic tool changer and tool storage.It has the ability to perform drilling,turning,reaming,boring,milling,contouring,and threading operations on a single machine.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,1.2.3.1 Machine Tool Application,Machine center(加工中心),Machining
48、centers are classified as either vertical or horizontal.Vertical machining centers continue to be widely accepted and used,primarily for flat parts and where three-axis machining is required on the surface of a single part such as the mold and the die.Horizontal machining centers are particularly us
49、ed for the large,boxy,and heavy parts.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,1.2.3.1 Machine Tool Application,Machine center(加工中心),.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,1.2.3.2 Non-Machine Tool Application,Punch presses for sheet meta
50、l hole punching(数控冲床),The two-axis NC operation is similar to that of a drill press except that holes are produced by punching rather than by drilling.,.,Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL CONTROL,1.2.3 Application of CNC,1.2.3.2 Non-Machine Tool Application,Presses for sheet metal bending(数控折弯机),I
