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1、European Culture：An Introduction,Division Nine Realism,General IntroductionRealism in FranceRealism in RussiaRealism in Northern EuropeRealism in EnglandRealism in the United StatesArtMusic at the Turn of the Century,What is Realism?In art and literature the term realism is used to identify a litera
2、ry movement in Europe and the united States in the Last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century.The realists wanted a truthful representation in their works of contemporary life and manners.,The Historical BackgroundThe realist movement was greatly influenced by the developm
3、ent of science in the 19th century.The age of realism was the age of railway,wireless telegraphy and countless other mechanical inventions that revolutionized the nature of society within a very short span of time.,The 19th century is the century of greatest change in the history of Western civiliza
4、tion.the profound social dislocation and urban poverty brought about by the social and economic changes created severe problems to which the political and intellectual leaders of the 19th century reacted in a number of ways.Round about the 1830s,in France,Portugal and Russia,liberals,nationalists an
5、d socialists led several revolutions,but most of them failed.,Realism in France,Stendhal(pen name of Marie Henri Beyle,1783-1842)司汤达Works:Armance Le Rough et le Noir(The Red and the Black)红与黑,la Chartreuse de Parme(The Charterhouse of Parma)巴马修道院,Honore de Balzac 巴尔扎克(1799-1850)Balzac has been calle
6、d“the French Dickens”.Works:La Comedie Humaine(the Human Comedy)人间喜剧,Eugenie Grandet欧也妮葛朗台,Le Pere Goriot 高老头 La Cousine Bette贝蒂表妹,Gustave Flaubert福楼拜(1821-1880)Flaubert is one of the great literary artist of the 19th century.Work:Madame Bovery包法利夫人,Emile Zola 左拉(1840-1902)Zola was the founder of th
7、e naturalist school.Work:Les Rougen-Macquarts罗根.马塔里.,Guy de Maupassant莫泊桑(1850-1893)Work:The Necklace项链,The Piece of String 一条绳子The Umbrella雨伞,Realism in Russia,1.Nikolai Gogol 果戈里(1809-1852)Nikolai Gogol was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his
8、subjects.Works:Dead Souls死魂灵,Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev 屠格涅夫(1818-1883)Turgenev was the first Russion author to gain recognition in the West.Works:A Hunters Sketches猎人笔记,A Nest of Gentlefolk贵族之家,Fathers and Sons父与子,Fyodor Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基(1821-1881)Works:The House of Death死屋手记,Crime and Punishment罪
9、与罚,The Brother Karamazov卡拉马佐夫兄弟,Count Leo Tolstoy 列夫托尔斯泰(1828-1910)With Dostoyevsky,Tolstoy made the Russian realistic novel a literary genre that ranks in importance with classical Greek tragedy and Elizabethan drama.,Anton Pavlovich Chekhov契科夫Works:The Seagull海鸥,Uncle Vanya万尼亚舅舅,The Three Sisters三
10、姊妹,The Cherry Orchard樱桃园,Realism in Northern Europe,Henrik Ibsen 易卜生(1828-1906)Works:A Dolls House玩偶之家,Ghosts群鬼,An Enemy of the People 人民公敌The Wild Duck野鸭 and Hedda Gabler海达高布乐,August Strindberg奥古斯特斯特林堡(1849-1912)Works:Master Olaf奥洛夫老师,The Son of a Servant女仆的儿子,Realism in England,Charles Dickens 狄更斯
11、(1812-1870)Works:Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传,A Tale of Two Cities双城记,Oliver Twist雾都孤儿,Hard Times 艰难时事Bleak House荒凉山庄,David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔,2.George Eliot 乔治艾略特(pen name of Mary Ann Evans 1819-1880)Works:Middlemarch米德尔马契,The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨坊,William Makepeace Thackeray萨克雷(1811-1863)Work:Vanity
12、Fair名利场,Thomas Hardy哈代Works:Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣,The Return of the Native还乡,The Mayer of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长,Tess of the dUrberyvilles 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure无名的裘德,George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳(1856-1950)Shaw won the Nobel Prize in 1925.Works:Heartbreak House伤心之家,St.Joan圣女贞德,The Apple Cart 苹果车Major
13、 Barbara芭芭拉少校 Pygmalion卖花女,Realism in the United States,Harriet Beecher Stowe比彻斯托夫人(1811-1896)Work:Uncle Toms Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋,Walt Whiteman惠特曼(1819-1892)Considered by many to be the greatest of all American poets,Whitman celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democ
14、racy and the brotherhood of man.Works:Leaves of Grass 草叶集When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd当丁香花最后在庭院开放的时候.,Mark Twain马克吐温(pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens 1835-1910)Works：The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Caravras Country卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙The Adventures of Hckberry Finn哈克贝利分历险记,The Gilded Age镀金时代,The
15、 Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆索菲亚历险记,The Prince and the Pauper王子与穷人,Henry James亨利詹姆斯(1843-1916)Works:The Portrait of Lady贵妇画像,The Passionate Pilgrim and Other Stories,Daisy Miller黛西米勒,The Golden Bowl金碗,Art,Realism in ArtGustave Courbet居斯塔夫库尔贝(1819-1877)works:The Stonebreakers,Burial at Ornans,b.Jean-Fr
16、ancois Millet让弗朗索瓦米勒(1814-1875)His works generally depict one or two peasant figures quietly engaged in earthly or domestic toil.Works:The Sower,Gleaners,Impressionism in Art,Generally speaking,the impressionists aimed at capturing the fleeting image of a scene taken in by the eye in real life and r
17、ecreating the transitory experience with brushstrokes which are eventually transformed into a web of infinitely varied,tiny units that dissolve solied objects into a dense,colored atmosphere.,a.Edouard Manet爱杜尔马奈(1832-1883)Manet was regarded as the leader of the impressionist movement.Works:le Dejeu
18、ner sur Lherbe,Foliers Bergers,b.Claude Monet克劳德莫奈(1840-1926),c.Camille Pissarro卡米耶毕沙罗(1830-1903)Work:The Place du Theatre Francais,d.Pierre Aguste Renoir皮埃尔-奥古斯特雷诺阿 Work:Moulin de la Galette,e.Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas埃德加德加(1834-1917)Works:Caf Concert,The Glass of Absinthe,Ballerina on the stage,
19、Post-Impressionism,a.Paul Cezanne保罗塞尚(1839-1906)Cezanne created a new world of forms out of natural objects,even distorting appearance and reducing objects to geometrical patterns in order to make a coherent whole in his pictures.Works:The Boy in Red Vest,ruit Bowl,Glass and Apples,b.Vincent van Gog
20、h梵高(1853-1890)He is a Dutch impressionist painter,who stresses the expression of his subjective emotion in his paintings.Works:Starry Night,Sunflower,The Night Caf,c.Paul Gauguin保罗高更(1848-1903)Works:La Orana Maria,Vision after the Sermon,Sculpture,Works:The Man with the Broke Nose,The Thinker,Archit
21、ecture,For the nineteenth century architect comes gradually to abandon sentimental and romantica designs from the historical past in the interest of an honest expression of his buildings purpose.,Music at the Turn of the Century,Antonin Dvorak德沃夏克(1841-1904)Czech nationalistic musician,basing his st
22、yle on melodic and rhythmic patterns found in the folk music of his own country.Works:Symphony No.3 in E-flat,Op.10Symphony No.9 in E minor,Op.95Cello Concerto in B minor,Op.104,Claude Debussy克罗德德彪西(0862-1918)French composer.Debussy was among the first to break away from the melodic and harmonic conventions of the 18th and 19th centuries,and has been described as the founder of modern musical impressionism.Works:Prelude to“The Afternoon of a Farm”,The sea,Images,Pelleas et Melisande,
