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1、欧洲文化入门（六）The Age of Enlightenment(启蒙时代),I.General Introduction,Enlightenment 启蒙时代/理性时代,What is the Enlightenment Movement?,The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive movement,which flourished in France and swept the whole Western Europe at the time.It was a furtherance of the Renaissance from the
2、14th to the 17th century.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known as the Enlightenment Movement.,什么是启蒙运动?,启蒙运动是指欧洲近代资产阶级上升时期伴随资产阶级政治上的反封建斗争而展开的反对封建传统意
3、识形态的思想文化运动。这一思想文化运动表现在意识形态领域，就是用资产阶级的哲学、伦理、教育、文艺和科学反对封建神学及其传统的封建文化。启蒙运动是一次进步的理性的运动。它兴起于法国并同时席卷整个西欧。启蒙运动是14至17世纪文艺复兴运动的继续，其目的是用现代哲学和艺术的光芒来照亮整个世界。,1.Enlightenment启蒙时代,The Enlightenment MovementThe Age of Reason 理性时代An intellectual movementOriginated in FranceSupported by the ruling and intellectuaral
4、classes,The Age of Reason 理性时代,The Enlightenment characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice,unexamined authority and oppresion by Church or State.Therefor it is sometimes called the Age of Reason.,Characteristics:,Characteristics:the eff
5、orts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice,unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State,Approved by the National Assembly of France,August 26,1789 The representatives of the French people,organized as a National Assembly,believing that the ignoranc
6、e,neglect,or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments,have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural,unalienable,and sacred rights of man,in order that this declaration,being constantly before all the members of the
7、Social body,shall remind them continually of their rights and duties;in order that the acts of the legislative power,as well as those of the executive power,may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political institutions and may thus be more respected,and,lastly,in order th
8、at the grievances of the citizens,based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles,shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the happiness of all.Therefore the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims,in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being,the fo
9、llowing rights of man and of the citizen:,Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the CitizenArticles:1.Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.2.The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and impresc
10、riptible rights of man.These rights are liberty,property,security,and resistance to oppression.3.The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation.No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.4.Liberty consists in the freedom to d
11、o everything which injures no one else;hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights.These limits can only be determined by law.,Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,5.L
12、aw can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society.Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law,and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law.6.Law is the expression of the general will.Every citizen has a right to participate personally,or through his representa
13、tive,in its foundation.It must be the same for all,whether it protects or punishes.All citizens,being equal in the eyes of the law,are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations,according to their abilities,and without distinction except that of their virtues and t
14、alents.,Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen7.No person shall be accused,arrested,or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law.Any one soliciting,transmitting,executing,or causing to be executed,any arbitrary order,shall be punished.But any citizen su
15、mmoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay,as resistance constitutes an offense.8.The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary,and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgate
16、d before the commission of the offense.9.As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty,if arrest shall be deemed indispensable,all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law.,Declaration of the Rights of Man and of
17、 the Citizen,10.No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions,including his religious views,provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.11.The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man.Every citizen may,acc
18、ordingly,speak,write,and print with freedom,but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.12.The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces.These forces are,therefore,established for the good of all and not for the personal
19、advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted.,Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen13.A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration.This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their
20、means.14.All the citizens have a right to decide,either personally or by their representatives,as to the necessity of the public contribution;to grant this freely;to know to what uses it is put;and to fix the proportion,the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes.15.Societ
21、y has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration.16.A society in which the observance of the law is not assured,nor the separation of powers defined,has no constitution at all.17.Since property is an inviolable and sacred right,no one shall be deprived thereof except
22、 where public necessity,legally determined,shall clearly demand it,and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified.,The American War of Independence,The Declaration of Independence:We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal,t
23、hat they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,that among these are Life,Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.That to secure these rights,Governments are instituted among Men,deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,That whenever any Form of Government becom
24、es destructive of these ends,it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it,and to institute new Government,laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form,as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.,美国独立宣言,我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，他们
25、都被造物主赋予某些不可转让的权利,The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4,1776,which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states,and thus no longer a part of the British Empire.Writt
26、en primarily by Thomas Jefferson,the Declaration is a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain,more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.The birthday of the United States of AmericaIndependence Dayis celebrated on J
27、uly 4,the day the wording of the Declaration was approved by Congress.,Declaration of the Rights of Man人权宣言,Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else;All citizens,being equal in the eyes of law.The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious
28、of the rights of man.,The Industrial Revolution工业革命,Marked by the following developments”(1).The introduction of machines which reduced the need for hand labor in making goods(2).The substitution of steam power for water,wind,and animal power.(3).The change from manufacturing in the home to the fact
29、ory system,The Industrial Revolution工业革命,(4).New and faster method of transportation on land and on water;(5).The growth of modern capitalism and the working class.,The most important forerunners:two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Isaac NewtonThe major force:French philosophers,men of letter
30、sMontesquieu孟德斯鸠 Voltaire：伏尔泰Rousseau 卢梭Died rot 狄德罗,Montesquieu孟德斯鸠,查理路易孟德斯鸠The juristPolitical and social philosopherThe first great men of letters法国启蒙思想家社會學家西方国家学说和法学理论的奠基,Major Works,A.Persian Letter 波斯人信札B.The Spirit of the Law 论法的精神,The Spirit of the Law论法的精神,Laws“must be adapted to each peopl
31、e”.Doctrines of the separation of powers:Legislative:Executive:Judicial:,Montesquieu孟德斯鸠,A man should be mourned at his birth,not at his death.一个人应当在出生时，而不是在临死前悲泣。Liberty is the right of doing whatever the laws permit.自由是在法律许可的范围内任意行事的权利。,Voltaire伏尔泰,French poetDramatistHistorianphilosopher,Voltaire
32、伏尔泰,The best is the enemy of the good.完美是好的敌人。If God did not exist,it would be necessary to invent him.倘若上帝不存在，有有必要去创造他。I disapprove of what you say,but I will defend to the death your right to say it.我并不赞成你说的话，但我誓死捍卫你的言论权。,Voltaire伏尔泰,Love truth,but pardon error.Loberty of thought is the life of th
33、e soul.Whatever you do,crush the infamous thing(superstiton),and love those who love you.,Main works,A.Letters Anglaise（letters philosophiques）哲学书简 B.Candide 老实人戆第特(哲学讽刺故事),Rousseau卢梭,PhilosopherAuthorPolitical theoristComposerHis famous words:Man was born free,and everywhere he is in chains“人生来是自由的
34、，但无处不受制约”,Major Works,The Origin of Human Inequality论人类不平等的起源The New Heloise新爱洛伊斯Emile,or On Education爱弥儿 The Social Contract社会契约论 The Confession忏悔录,The Origin of Human Inequality论人类不平等的起源,Mans greatest ills are not natural but made by man himself;the remedy lies also within mans power.,The Origin o
35、f Human Inequality论人类不平等的起源,The first man who,having fenced in a piece of land,said,“This is mine,”and found people naive enough to believe him,that man was the true founder of civil society.谁第一个把一块土地围起来，说“这是我的”，而且找到一些头脑简单的人相信他的话，这位就是文明社会的真正奠基人 论人类不平等的起源,The Confession忏悔录,The thirst after happiness
36、is never extinguished in the heart of man.Nature made men happy and good,but society makes him evil and miserable.,Denis Diderot狄德罗,French philosopher,and a man of letters法国文学家、哲学家 现代百科全书之父,Denis Diderot狄德罗,主编Encyclpedie百科全书 Philosopgical Thoughts哲学断想Letters on the Blind盲人书简Elements of Physiology 自然
37、解释断想Rameaus Nephew拉摩的侄儿,Diderot狄德罗,From fanaticism to barbarism is only one step.从狂热到野蛮，仅是一步之遥。Staircase wit.事后诸葛亮。（下楼时的巧思，指说完了话下楼时突然想起了该说的妙语）,III.English Literature,Alexander Pope蒲柏Essay on Criticism论批评The Rape of the Lock鬈发遇劫记 Dunciad笨伯咏、群愚史诗 愚人志Essay on Man 论人,Popes Quotation,A little learning is
38、 a dangerous thing 浅学误人 一知半解最危险 一知半解，害已误人。一知半解，自欺欺人 学问浅薄，如履薄冰,Alexander Pope蒲柏,Why has not man a microscopic eye?For this plain reason,man is not a fly!人为什么不长显微镜般的眼睛?理由很简单：人不是苍蝇。Whatever is,is right.凡存在，皆合理。To err is human,to forgive,divine.人孰无过，恕过者神。,2.Daniel Defoe,丹尼尔笛福 The Journal of The Plague Y
39、ear 大疫年记事 Moll Flanders 摩尔弗兰德斯 Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记,Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记,Friday:星期五（后殖民人物的代称）Woman Friday;女星期五，女强人,3.Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特,A.A Modest Proposal一个温和（小小）的建议B.Gullivers Travel格列弗游记大小人国历险记,Gullivers Travels(1726)is the immortal work of Jonathan Swift.It has not lost its significance to
40、the present day and can be justly ranked among the best novels of world literature.Gullivers deep-sea voyages are described in the four parts of the book:A Voyage to Lilliput,A Voyage to Brobdingnag,A Voyage to Laputa,Balnibasbi,etc.,and A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhahnms.,What is the plot of
41、 Swifts Gullivers Travels?How about its structure and the theme?,The plot of the book comprises the extraordinary adventures of Gulliver,descriptions of fantastic lands visited by him,their social systems,ways and customs of their inhabitants.Gullivers Travels is much more than a childrens book.It i
42、s satire upon England.Lilliput is England diminished into pettiness.Brobdingnag is England grotesquely magnified,and every trifle is made ridiculously big.And through the satire is visible the English Politician whom Swift chose for special attack.,格利佛游记的情节、结构和主题是什么？,格利佛游记是乔纳森斯威夫特的不朽之作。直到今天它还具有一定的现实
43、意义，并被列为世界名著之一。其故事情节按格利佛所到的不同国家划分为四个部分：“小人国游记”、“大人国游记”、“拉普他等地游记”、和“智马国游记”。这四个部分各自独立，又相互联系。在每个部分中，斯威夫特都具体描述了那些国家的奇特之处以及他们的社会制度和人们的生活习惯、生活方式等。其中，对各个国家的描述都以英国为原型，并在描述的过程中不露声色地对英国当时的社会现实和政权纷争予以抨击和讽刺。因此，我们决不能简单地把格利佛游记理解成一部童话。这部讽刺小说充满着对当时英国社会的讽刺。透过这些辛辣的讽刺，我们看到的是英国社会当时的黑暗和腐朽。,Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特,When a tr
44、ue genius appears in the world,you may know him by this sign,that dunces are all in confederacy against him.当一个真正的天才在世上出现时，你可以通过这种迹象来判断：所有的低能儿会群起而攻之。I never wonder to see men wicked,but I often wonder to see them not ashamed.我从不惊异于人的邪恶，却常常惊异于他们的无耻。,4.Samuel Richardson塞缪尔理查森,Founder of the English do
45、mestic novel.Epistolary novel:i.e.stories told in a series of letters.,4.Samuel Richardson塞缪尔理查森,A.Pamela,or virtue Rewarded帕美拉B.Clarissa,or the History of a Young LadyC.Clarissa 克拉丽莎,5.Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁,A.The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friends,Mr.Abraham AdamsB.The Life o
46、f Mr.Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生魏尔德传C.The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling 汤姆琼斯,Why is Henry Fielding regarded as“Father of the English Novel”?,Fielding has been regarded as“Father of English Novel”for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the English modern novel.Of all the 18th-ce
47、ntury novelists he was the first to set out,both in theory and practice,to write specifically a“comic epic in prose”,the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.,亨利菲尔丁为什么被誉为“英国小说之父”?,菲尔丁被誉为“英国小说之父”是由于他在创建现代英语小说的形式方面作出了巨大的贡献。他是18世纪小说家中第一个对“喜剧性的散文体史诗”从理论上进行研究并进行创作实践的。是他第一次限定了现代小说的结构和风格。
48、,6.Samuel Johnson塞缪尔约翰逊,Dictionary Johnson:伟大的辞典编纂家，创造了第一部令世人满意的英语辞典theDictionary of the English Language）Vanity of Human WishesRasselas拉塞拉斯The Lives of the Poets诗人传记,Why is Samuel Johnson called“Dictionary Johnson”?,Samuel Johnson is a poet,dramatist,essayist,critic,lexicographer and publicist.He d
49、istinguished himself as a lexicographer,the author of the first English dictionary by an EnglishmanA Dictionary of the English Language(1755),which had played a very important role in standardizing the usage of the English language.It was a gigantic task,which Johnson undertook single-handedly and f
50、inished in over seven years.Because of that famous dictionary,he is widely known as“Dictionary Johnson”.Since he knows a lot more than other writers in words,his articles tends to be learned and complicated,and they are always accurately used.,为什么把塞缪尔约翰逊叫做“字典约翰逊”？,塞缪尔约翰逊是诗人、剧作家、小品文作家、批评家和政论家，更是一位伟大的
