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1、欧洲文化入门(三)The Middle Ages 中世纪,1.The Middle Ages a.Time division:in European history,the thusand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.b.It is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times.(ancient times The Middle
2、Ages modern times)c.Age of faith,I.General Introduction,General Introduction,During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order.The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.,Age of Faith,In the late Middle Ages,almost everyone in western Europe
3、was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church.Christianity took the lead in politics,law,art,and learning for hundreds of years.It shaped peoples lives.That is why the Middle Ages is also called the“Age of Faith”.,II.Manor（庄园）and Church,1.Feudalism:a system of land-holding,a word derived from
4、 Latin“feudum”,a grant of land：封建土地所有制 a.Growth of Feudalism b.The Manor,C.Knighthood&Code of Chivalry,Serf:农奴Fiefs:封地（采邑）Vassals:诸侯（封臣）,Code of Chivalry骑士的信条,A.be pledged to protect the weakB.fight for the churchC.be loyal to his lordD.respect women of noble birthAll the above rules were known as c
5、ode of chivalry.,2.The churchCenter of daily life place of worship place for recreation center of trade center of community activity,Trinity三位一体,Trinity:Power(the Father)圣父 Wisdom(the Son)圣子 Love(the Holy Spirit)圣灵,The Organization of Church,The Catholic Church was a highly centralized and disciplin
6、ed international organization.Pope（罗马教皇）Archbishops(大主教）Bishop（主教）Priests（神甫）,a.,Pope,Pope Alexandria,Pope and the bishops（教皇与主教）,The Roman Catholic Church&Eastern Orthodox Church(1054),The Roman Catholic Church（罗马天主教）,b.Church Father and Early Monasticism（隐修院制度）,St.Jerome（圣 哲罗姆）:his translation of
7、the Bible from Hebrew and Greek original into LatinThe Vulgate(拉丁文圣经),Augustine of Hippo(北非希波主教奥古斯丁，神学界的旷世奇才）,主要著作1、忏悔录（The Confession)2、上帝之城(The City of God)(第一部教会历史哲学),C.The Power and influence of the Catholic Church,Three classes of people at the time1&2.The ruling classes 3.Peasants,ClergyLords,
8、宗 教,The Inquisition:宗教裁判所Holy communion:圣餐Sacraments:圣礼Convocation:圣会Canon:教规Rabbi:拉比Lords Prayer:主祷文Water of bitterness:尘水（苦水）,3.The Crusades（十字军东征）(1096-1291),The Effect,Important effect on the future both the East and West.Greatly influenced the history of EuropeFeudal lords out,kings at home str
9、engthen themselveshelp to break down feudalism rise of the monarchies.Many ideas changed cause of the more cultured Byzantines and MoslemsRenewing peoples interest in learning and invention,从东到西,Arabic numerals 阿拉伯数字Algebra 几何Spices 调料Silk 丝绸Perfume 香料Hand-woven carpets 手工地毯,攻占君士坦丁堡,Chastity Belt(贞操
10、带),最早关于贞操带的画，画于1405年,III.Learning and Science,1.Charlemagne（查理曼大帝）Carolingian Renaissance加洛林王朝复兴,What is Carolingian Renaissance?什么是“卡洛琳复兴”？Charlemagne encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools,giving support to scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books.Because the
11、 scribes performed their task well,few of the ancient classics that had survived until that time were ever lost.The result of his efforts is usually called the“Carolingian Renaissance”.The most interesting fact of this minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to
12、assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.查理曼建造寺院学校，鼓励、支持学者做学问，并让抄写员抄录各种古籍书刊。由于抄写员们工作非常努力，因此，当时的古典书籍几乎都被保存了下来。他所做出的这些贡献被称之为“卡洛琳复兴”。在这一小规模的复兴卡洛琳复兴中，法兰克或日尔曼国家吸收了罗马古典文化和希伯来基督文化的财富。,2.Alfred the Great and Wessex Center of Learning 阿尔弗雷德大帝,Alfred the Great,3.St.Th
13、omas Aquinas and Scholasticism（经院哲学）,St.Thomas Aquinas（阿奎那）Summa Contra Gentiles 反异教大全Summa Theologiae 神学大全,Aquinas 阿奎那,Gods rule:上帝的统治Gods will:上帝的意志Christs Plenipotentiary:基督的全权代表Secular rulers:世俗统治者,4.Roger Bacon and Experimental Science,Roger Bacon（罗吉尔培根）,在物理学方面，特别是对 于光学的研究他通过实验研究了凸透镜的放大效果以及光的反向
14、和折射规律，证明了虹是太阳光照射空气中的水珠而形成的自然现象。,Experimental Science（实验科学）,IV.Literature,National Epics the product of the Heroic Age.Written in vernacular languagesA.Beowulf 贝奥武甫,What is epic?,Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language,like Homers Iliad and Odyssey.It usu.celebrates the f
15、eats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes.The action is simple but full of magnificence.Today,some long narrative works,like novels that reveal an age and its people are also called epic.,何为史诗？,史诗指古代叙事诗中的长篇作品，常反映具有重大意义的历史事件或以古代传说为内容，塑造著名英雄形象。其结构宏大，充满着幻想和神话色彩。著名史诗如古希腊的伊里亚特和奥德赛。有时，某些比较全面地反映一
16、个历史时期社会面貌和人民群众多方面生活的 优秀长篇叙事作品，如长篇小说，也可称为史诗，或史诗式的作品。,Beowulf贝奥武甫,What is the plot and theme of Englands national epic Beowulf?英国史诗贝奥武甫的情节是如何展开的？其主题是什么？,Beowulf,nephew of the king of the Geats,hears that Hrothgar,a Danish king,is in great trouble.The kingdom of the king is harassed by a monster called
17、 Grendel.He at once sails there,grapples with the monster,and wounds it fatally.Then comes Grendels mother,a she-monster,in revenge of her son.Beowulf follows her to her under-water cave and kills her with a giant sword.With these honors won,he returns to his homeland and reigns as its king for 50 y
18、ears.Then a fire-breathing dragon comes out of its den and kills many people.Though old now,Beowulf still kills it sing-handedly.But he,too,is fatally wound and later dies.Thematically,this poem shows how the primitive people fight against the forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty lead
19、er.,史诗贝奥武甫主要描写了古叶亚特某国王的侄子，贝奥武甫的三次英勇战绩。他初次与怪兽格兰德尔相搏，重创怪兽；继而又与其母在水下搏击，使巨剑亦杀其母。然后载誉而归，统治国家达年之久。其后，一喷火伤人的巨龙出现，贝奥武甫拼其残年余力，为民杀龙除害后死去。贝奥武甫反映了氏族部落社会的价值观念。对武士们来说,最高的美德是忠诚和勇敢，忠于国王,也就是忠于集体。武士们凭着勇敢来实现自我完善。虽然人们相信命运,但是勇敢的人也会战胜命运。一个勇敢的战士在最终被命运战胜以前,必须作出最英勇的事迹。这些事迹将使他永远活在后世人们的记忆里，这样他就获得了永生，成为永垂不朽的英雄。这些氏族部落社会的观念是异教的，
20、非基督教的。但也有人认为这首诗是表现善恶斗争的基督教作品。格兰德尔是该隐的后代，它和它的水怪母亲代表邪恶，贝奥武甫战胜它们即善战胜了恶。火龙在教会寓言里象征撒旦，贝奥武甫战胜了火龙，这也就象征耶稣基督战胜了撒旦。在贝奥武甫身上也确实体现了救世主的精神。从这个角度看古英语史诗贝奥武甫和十七世纪弥尔顿的宗教史诗失乐园似乎也有一脉相承的地方。,B.Song of Roland(罗兰之歌）,组诗：La Chanson de Gestes 武功歌,罗兰之歌流传着许多抄本，其中以牛津大学收藏的抄本最为完善。全诗长4,002行，分291节，是用当时民间语言罗曼语写成。诗的结构大致可分为3个部分：第1部分写加
21、奈隆投敌叛卖，是序幕；第2部分写骑士罗兰率领的两万骑兵遇上敌人伏击，全军覆没，是全诗的高潮；第3部分写对叛徒加奈隆的惩罚，是尾声。这首史诗以描写查理大帝的胜利开始。查理大帝率大军在西班牙转战7年，无往而不胜。只有信奉伊斯兰教的马席勒国王尚未被征服，他面临查理大帝的大军压境，一面遣使求和，一面阴谋袭击敌军。查理大帝召集众将商议，他的外甥罗兰骑士主战。另一骑士加奈隆受了敌人的贿赂，主张议和。罗兰建议派加奈隆去敌营探听虚实。这是一个有生命危险的使命。加奈隆怀恨罗兰，阴谋报复。到了敌营，加奈隆叛变。他与敌人合谋，设重兵在山谷中伏击罗兰率领的两万骑兵。罗兰仓卒应战，终于全军覆没，自已也战死沙场。查理大帝
22、闻讯回兵支援罗兰，已无法挽回败局。查理大帝回到法国，严惩叛徒加奈隆，处以四马分尸的极刑。,2.Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy,A.Dante Alighieri（但丁）great poet of Italy prose writer literary theorist moral philosopher political thinker,B.The Divine Comedy（神曲）,Landmark of world literatureThe greatest Christian poem Expresses humanistic ideas
23、which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance,神曲(Commedia,Divine Comedy)，意大利诗人阿利盖利但丁(Dante Alighieri,公元1265-公元1321)的长诗。写于1307年至1321年，这部作品通过作者与地狱、炼狱及天国中各种著名人物的对话，反映出中古文化领域的成就和一些重大的问题，带有“百科全书”性质，从中也可隐约窥见文艺复兴时期人文主义思想的曙光。在这部长达一万四千余行的史诗中，但丁坚决反对中世纪的蒙昧主义，表达了执着地追求真理的思想，对欧洲后世的诗歌创作有极其深远的影响。全诗为三部分：地狱(Inferno,He
24、ll)、炼狱(Purgatorio,Purgatory)和天堂(Paradiso,Paradise)，谴责教会的统治，但仍然未摆脱基督教神学的观点。,3.Geoffrey Chaucer（乔叟）Father of English Poetry,The first English short story tellerThe first modern poetIntroducer of Alliterative(头韵)Verse The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集,What is a Heroic Couplet?,Heroic couplet is a rhyming co
25、uplet of iambic pentameter,often containing a complete thought.There is a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second.Commonly there is a parallel or an antithesis within a line,or between the two lines.It is called heroic because in England,espec
26、ially in the eighteenth century,it was much used for heroic(epic)poems.,什么是“英雄双行体”？,英雄双行体属于双行诗，由两个押韵的抑扬格五音步诗行构成，常包含一个完整的意思。第二句结尾力度加强，每句中或一、二句之间常用平行对偶结构。在英国，特别是在十八世纪，这种诗体常被用来写作史诗，因而得名。,The Canterbury Tales,V.Art and Architecture,Romanesque:（罗马式）means in the Roman manner,Gothic(哥特式）,Gothic(哥特式）,A style of architecture originated in N.France in 11th century,characterized by pointed arches,ribbed vaulting,steep,high roofs,etc.,Summing-up,American gothic,Clinton American Gothic,Bushs American Gothic,Obamas American Gothic,Urban American Gothic,Thank You!,
