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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture (European culture is made up of many elements.Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element.)I. Greek Culture1.The Historical Context 1). In a more remote
2、 period of Greek history, probably around 1200B.C. , a war was fought between Greece（希腊）and Troy(特洛伊） 2). Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. What marked the high point of development in Greek culture in the 5th century B.C.? 1). The high point of development in
3、 Greek culture was marked by (a) the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century B.C., (b) the establishment of democracy and (c) the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens（雅典）. 2). The 5th century B.C. closed with civil war betwe
4、en Athens and Sparta（斯巴达） in Greece. 3). In the second half of the 4th century B.C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, King of Macedon（马其顿王国）. 4). In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered the Greece.2. Social and Political Structure What were the main features of ancient Greek society? 1).
5、 Athens was a democracy, where only the adult male citizens had the rights. 2). The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. 3). The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports. 4). Revised in 1896, the G
6、ames have become the worlds foremost amateur sports competition.3. Homer (about 700 B. C.)（荷马）What did Homer do? 1). Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics: the Iliad 伊利亚特and the Odyssey奥德赛. 2). Homer probably lived around 700 B.C. 3). The Iliad and the Odyssey are not about
7、 events of Homers own time, but about great men and wars about a remoter age, probably in the period of 12001100 B.C. Iliad 1). The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon（阿伽门农） in their war against the city of Troy. 2). The heroes are Hector（
8、赫克托耳） on the Trojan side and Achilles（阿喀琉斯） and Odysseus（奥德修斯） on the Greek. 3). In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.Odyssey 1). The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home land Ithaca（伊萨卡岛）. 2). The Odyss
9、ey describes many adventures Odysseus ran into on his long voyage and how he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope（珀涅罗珀）. Why is Homer important in European literature? 1). Countless writers have quoted, adapted, and borrowed from and otherwise used Homers epics. 2). In the early part of the
10、19th century, in England alone, three Romantic poets(Byron, Shelley and Keats) expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics. 3). In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyces modernist masterpiece Ulysses.1. Lyric Poetry 1
11、). Of many of the lyric poets of the (Greek) time, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho（萨福） and Pindar（品达）. 2). Sappho was a woman poet noted for her love poems of passionate intensity. 3). Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Ol
12、ympian odes.2. Drama 1). Early in their remote past, the Greeks started to perform plays at religious festivals. 2). Out of these religions a powerful drama developed in the 5th century B.C. 3). Performances were given in open-air theatres, with the audience sitting on stone benches and looking down
13、 at the stage from three sides. Outstanding dramatists 1). The outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece were Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）, Sophocles（索福克勒斯）, Euripides（欧里庇得斯） and Aristophanes（阿里斯托芬）. A. Aeschylus (525456B.C.) a. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry. b. Aeschyl
14、us wrote plays such as Prometheus Bound被缚的普罗米修斯, Persians波斯人 and Agamemnon阿伽门农. B. Sophocles (496406B.C.) a. Sophocles was the author of plays like Oedipus the King奥狄普斯王, Electra伊莱克特拉 and Antigone安提戈涅. b. Oedipus the King is the story of a man who unknowingly committed a terrible sin by killing his
15、father and marrying his mother. c. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freuds term “the Oedipus complex”（奥狄普斯情结） was also derived from Sophocless play. C. Euripides(484406B.C.) a. Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache Medea and Trojan Women. b. Euripides may be called the firs
16、t writer of “problem plays”. D. Comedy Aristophanes(about 450380B.C.) 1). Aristophanes wrote such plays as Frogs蛙, Clouds云, Wasps黄蜂 and Birds鸟.6. History A. Herodotus (484430B.C.)希罗多德 a. Herodotus is often called “Father of History”. b. Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. B.
17、Thucydides (about460404B.C.)修昔底德 a. Thucydides told about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the island of Sicily（西西里岛）.7. Philosophy and Science Scientists A. Pythagoras (about 500 B.C.-?)毕达哥拉斯 a. Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.
18、 b. To Pythagoras and his school we owe the abstract conceptions underlying mathematicspoint, line, magnitude, surface, bodyand the first theory of proportion. B. Heracleitus (about 540480 B.C.)赫拉克利特 a. Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of universe, out of which everything else has
19、 arisen. b. Heracleitus held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. c. To him, all is flux, nothing is stationary. He also said: You cannot step twice into the same river; for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The
20、sun is new everyday. C. Democritus (about 460370 B . C.)德谟克利特 a. Democritus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. He was one of the earliest exponents of atomic theory. b. He was one of the earlist philosophical materialists and Marxs first published work was a study of Democritus. D. Euc
21、lid (3rd century B.C.)欧几里得 a. Euclid is even now well-known for his Elements几何原本, a textbook of geometry, perhaps the most successful textbook ever written, because it was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century. E. Archimedes (287212 B.C.)阿基米德 a. Archimedes did important
22、 work not only in geometry, but also in arithmetic, machanics, and hydrostatics. b. He discovered that when a body is immensed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced. c. To illustrate the principle of the lever, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a
23、place to stand, and I will move the world.”Philosophers A. Socrates (about 470399 B.C.)苏格拉底 a. We known Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in his famous Dialogues. b. The method of argument Socrates used in exposing fallacies has come to be known as the dialectical method（ie the met
24、hod of argument, by questions and answers.). c. In 399BC, at the age of seventy Socrates was put on trial on a charge of “injuring the city” by not acknowledging its gods and corrupting the young. This trial was recorded by Plato in the dialogue “The Apology of Socrates”. B. Plato (about 428348 B. C
25、.)柏拉图 a. Platos Dialogues对话录 are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. b. Of the Dialogues Plato wrote, 27 have survived, including the Apology申辩, Symposium会饮篇或译为飨宴篇, and the Republic理想国. c. Platos Apology was about Socrates defense of himself at the trial.
26、d. Platos Symposium dealt with beauty and love. e. Platos Republic was about the idea state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets. f. Platos comprehensive system of philosophy dealt with, among other things, the problem of how, in the complex, ever-changing world, men were to obtain knowledge. g.
27、 The reply Plato gave (to the problem of how men were to obtain knowledge) was: men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, goodness. h. According to Plato, only such “ideas” as beauty, truth, goodness are completely real, while the physical world is o
28、nly relatively real. i. Platos philosophy is called Idealism because in his system of philosophy only such “ideas” as beauty, truth and goodness are regarded as completely real while the physical world is regarded as only relatively real. C. Aristotle (384322B. C.)亚里士多德 a. Of Aristotles numerous wor
29、ks, the following are perhaps still important to scholars and general readers alike: Ethics伦理学, Politics政治学, Poetics诗学, and Rhetoric修辞学. b. Aristotles Ethics was an introduction to moral philosophy. c. Aristotles Poetics was a treatise on literary theory. d. Aristotles Rhetoric dealt with the art of
30、 persuading an audience.In what way or ways did Aristotle differ from his teacher Plato? 1). For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Platos reliance on subjective thinking. 2). Also, Aristotle thought that “
31、form” (=idea) and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world.What is Aristotles most influential writing to students of literature? 1). To students of literature, Aristotles most influentia
32、l of writing is Poetics. D. Contending Schools of Thought a. The Sophists 诡辩派 1). The most eminent of the Sophists was Protagoras（普罗塔格拉）, born about 500 B. C. He is chiefly noted for his doctrine “man is the measure of all things”. b. The Cynics犬儒派 1). The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek. 2). The
33、Cynics got their name because Diogenes（第欧根尼 ）(about 412323 B.C.), one of their leaders, decided to live like a dog. 3). Diogenes rejected all conventions. 4). Diogenes advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life. 5). Diogenes proclaimed his brotherhood not only with the whole human rac
34、e, but also with animals. 6). On the other hand, Diogenes had no patience with the rich and powerful. 7). A story has it that Alexander the Great visited him and asking if he wanted any favor, Diogenes replied: “Only stand out of my light”. c. The Sceptics怀疑派 1). The Sceptics followed Pyrrhon（皮朗）, w
35、ho held that not all knowledge was attainable. d. The Epicureans伊壁鸠鲁派 1). The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus (about 341270 B.C.), who believed pleasure to the highest good in life, but by pleasure he meant, not sensual enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval, which he thought
36、could be attained by the practice of virtue. e. The Stoics斯多葛派 1). To the Stoics, the most important thing in life was not “pleasure”, but “duty”. 2). The chief Stoic was Zeno（齐诺）. 3). Zeno believed that there is no such thing as chance, and that the cause of nature is rigidly determined by natural
37、laws. 4). In the life of an individual man, Zeno believed that virtue is the sole good.8. Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery A. Art a. Greek art is a visual proof of Greek civilization. b. As we follow the advances of Greek civilization, we find how art evolved from the archaic period to the c
38、lassical period which marked its maturity. B. Architecture Parthenon 帕台农神庙 a. The most important of the temples the ancient Greeks left us is Parthenon, which has always been a great tourist attraction for people all around the world. b. Parthenon is the most perfect of all the Greeks temples, 240 f
39、eet long and 110 feet wide. It is a rectangular structure with evenly spaced lines of columns around. The three styles of Greek architecture a. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style, Ionic style and Corinthian style. C. Sculpture a. Discus Thrower b. Venus de Milo断臂维纳斯
40、，也称米洛的维纳斯 c. Laocoon group 1). Venus de Milo is the most famous of all the sculptures of Venus, discovered in the island of Milo in 1820. Its broken arms have long been the focus of discussion in artistic circles. This ancient Greek sculpture has been looked upon as a symbol of beauty, grace and hea
41、lth, a personification of vitality and dignity. 2). Laocoon was a priest of Troy who warmed the Trojans against Greek attack. He was made to suffer a slow death and killed by serpents with his sons because of this. This sculpture is known for its successful depiction of the expressions of Laocoons f
42、acefear, sympathy and terror. D. Pottery a. The flouring of the Greek pottery was a result of domestic needs and needs for foreign trade.9. Impact 1). Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries. 2). Karl Marx, once wrote about the Greeks
43、: “Why shouldnt the childhood of human societyexercise an eternal charm, as an age that will never return?” A. Spirit of Innovation a. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and philosophy; they first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; they speculated freely about the nature of the world
44、and the ends of life, without being bound in fetters of any inherited orthodoxy. B. Supreme Achievement a. The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavor. C. Lasting Effect a. The Greeks set an example by the bold effort they made to understand the world by the use o
45、f human reason.II. Roman Culture1. Romans and Greeks a. The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. marked the Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of Roman Empire. b. Latin was the official language of the west half of the Roman Empire, Greek that of the eastern half.What did the R
46、omans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them? a. The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. b. Both the Romans and Greeks had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. c. Their religious are alike enough
47、for most of their deities to be readily identifiedGreek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with roman Venus, and so onand their myths to be fused. d. Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland. e. There were one big d
