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1、外文资料翻译Study on Renovation of the Landscapes of Historical BlocksEvery city has its own special memories，which are incarnated in its landscapes of historical blocks Washington Charter has presented the so-far best definition of historical blocks:they are the blocks with great historical values of a c
2、ity or a town，whether they are large or small，in urban or in suburban Historical blocks are not only precious heritages of historical culture in material form，but also the linking nodes connecting the present with the past as well with the future of a city in spirit When we design a modern city，we n
3、ot only need to make the scientific planning for its function，but also should pay much attention to its local and traditional features so that it can not be neglected among the landscapes of modern citiesTherefore，it is significant to make studies on the protection and development of historical bloc
4、ks1 The Present Status of Historical Blocks in China Since 21th century，China has entered a fast developing period，and many sequelae resulted from rebuilding in large scale are witnessed.The old city blocks are usually important areas with clusters of buildings and high business value which are favo
5、red by the real estate developers.Authorized by the policies，many local governments implement the Project of Old Block Reconstruction in large scale and allow the developing rights to the real estate developers The demolishment and reconstruction certainly cause the traditional style to disappear an
6、d traditional culture cannot be inherited because the old city blocks usually reflect the traditional city life style and traditional culture .The material civilization allows people enjoy the convenience of the modern society resulted from new technologiesand new materials，but makes them away from
7、the comforts and leisure which is resulted from the decline of spirit culture Nowadays，the residential houses and historical blocks which bear the memories of old city are gradually passing into oblivion，the traditional culture and life style can hardly survive the modern buildings2 The approaches t
8、o rebuilding the historical blocks The landscapes of historical blocks are the most important bearer of the historical value The values of historical culture，residential culture，courtyard culture，and the architecture culture are mainly incarnated in such substantial hards capesSuch historical blocks
9、 endow people a feeling of space and site，the layout of alleys，the distribution of courtyards，the style of buildings，and their designs should show a historical feeling The historical blocks consist of ancient architectures( including public ancient buildings and private residential houses)，public in
10、frastructures，gardens，and service buildings，etc3 Made of wood that is apt to decay，the ancient architectures in China differ from those of Westerns which are made of stones or bricks so that the ancient Chinese architectures need frequent repairing The historical blocks usually located in the centra
11、l areas where are densely populated，heavily buildings clustered，and they are the gold areas for the real estate developersAiming at the maximum profit，the developers usually do not care about their historical culture and value in their reconstructionIn addition，the historical blocks are not properly
12、 protected and repaired because of the shortage of funds It is an crucial task to rebuild the substantial landscape in the protection of historical blocks 2-1 The repairs for old buildings The main-body buildings in the historical blocks are usually consists of the old architectures which are the mo
13、st ancient Chinese-style buildings except a few They were built with wood，bricks，stones and earth，dominating in wood The following steps should be adopted for the reconstruction of ancient buildings in the historical blocks: 2-1-2 To make a survey of the data of the ancient building and identify its
14、 historical valueThere are many cultural relics and historical buildings with high historical value. A thorough survey for the ancient architectural blocks must be conducted before the implementation of their reconstruction so as to make certain whether the cultural relics and historical buildings e
15、xist.If such relics or buildings exist in the blocks，their covering areas should be marked; they must be protected and repaired according to the law of relic protectionWhen a survey for historical relics has been completed，the investigations on the other old buildings，including their building year，s
16、tyle，design and even their damage，should be made and the data be recorded，according to which the endangered buildings and old buildings were respectively identified.The former should be reconstructed and the latter be repaired In recent years，influenced by the tide of reconstruction of old and endan
17、gered blocks，many old buildings which can be still used are demolished and rebuilt According to the the theory of organic renewal established by professor Wu Liangyong，it is necessary to distinguished what the endangered buildings and what the old buildings are; and the endangered should be saved or
18、 rebuilt，but the old be repaired The endangered buildings refer to those whose bearing components are in danger and have no bearing ability，the building may fall down at any time，so they are out of utilization in safety; while the old buildings refer to those whose bearing components have been not r
19、enewed for long time，but their bearing ability is still in good condition It is the first step to distinguish what the endangeredand what the old are before the reconstruction and repairing of the historical blocks 2-1-2 To repair or rebuild the different old building in different ways according to
20、their own status ( 1) Cultural buildings The repairing of cultural buildings must be implemented according to the law of cultural relic protection，observing the principle of Priority for protecting，first saving，reasonably utilization，strictly managing ，the structural components should not be changed
21、 as possibly，while the newly-supplemented ones should be marked their date in use，repairing the old as its originals hold ( 2) Old buildings.The repairing and maintaining as well as inner rebuilding can be conducted for those old buildings which are out of repair for a long time The repair should no
22、t make their style and shape and structure changed，reaching the aim of repairing the old as its originals holdMany the old traditional residential buildings have been in use for living apartments though their layouts do not meet the requirement of modern life Therefore，the new requirement of owners
23、should be taken into account and the inner structures can be adjusted and rebuilt Since the volumetric ratio，water supply and drainage system，privacy all cannot meet the requirement of modern life，the interior rebuilding is mainly concentrated on replenishing the functional equipment The rebuilding
24、is aiming at meeting the requirement of owners，improving their living quality，but unchanging the style and feature of the buildings ( 3) The endangered buildings.The use of such buildings，both for living and for other purposes，should be avoided If they have landscape values，they should be protected
25、through technical measures and replacing the components Otherwise they should be rebuilt according to their style and features which also should be in agreement with their neighborhood ( 4) Those to be newly-built.They should be in accord with those in the neighborhood both in style and feature.Such
26、 buildings are clustered into two kinds，the newly-rebuilt and the newly-developed.The former should maintain the style and feature of the original And the latter can be properly improved their volumetric ratio and layout except for being in agreement with their neighborhood ( 5) The buildings negati
27、vely influencing the landscapeMany historical buildings are negatively influenced by the modern buildings which mainly high，storeyed buildings，the architectural elevation are out of agreement with the landscape，influencing the sky-line and the background environment It is necessary to make elevation
28、al rebuilding of the buildings which are negatively influence the landscape For example，the surrounding buildings of the Temple of Zhuge Liang were rebuilt in the style of residential buildings in western Sichuan It is suggested that the high，multistorey buildings in the historical blocks be dismant
29、led except those which have special reasons for their existenceThe reconstruction and repairing of historical blocks should be kept in agreement of their style and feature which are the reasons for making people have a feeling of history and place because the historical environment composing of such
30、 building clusters.Living equipment should be supplemented to the old buildings in historical blocks to meet the requirement of the owners living.In general，the repairing and reconstruction of the old buildings should observe the principle of enhancing their function and remaining their style 2-2 Th
31、e reconstruction of the infrastructures The historical blocks formed though the following two ways: Formed in overall planning and gradually improved Such historical blocks were built according to their overall planning which might be carried out by the ancient local government.In ancient time，the p
32、lanning of the blocks before their construction might be conducted if the economy was prosperous The blocks in many northern cities are such examples.Some of them center about the private gardening residences The planners of such blocks were the majors in the local economy In ancient time，the planni
33、ng of a block was carried out according to Chinese geomancy( Fengshui).The layout and infrastructures of historical blocks cannot meet the requirement of modern people thoughthey were fully considered in planning Formed spontaneouslySome historical blocks formed spontaneously，centering about the tem
34、ples，monasteries，even a spontaneously-formed residential cluster Such kind of bocks usually formed in agreement with the natural geography，with densely-clustered residential buildings，debunching layout of which little was taken into account of the public infrastructuresThere are two problems about t
35、he public infrastructures in the historical blocks First，they cannot meet the requirement of modern life; second，they are usually out of repair and maintaining so that they are out of use because of serious damageFurthermore，there problems about the water supply and drainage system in the historical
36、 blocks，the residents in the blocks face with difficulties in water supply as well as drainageSafety problem also plagues the residents in the historical blocks Many attached buildings to the original residential buildings which are densely clustered and in want of fire-fighting system cause the blo
37、cks to be in dangerThe following principles should be adhered for the infrastructure reconstruction of the historical blocks: ( 1) To avoid heavy reshaping and change as less as possibleThe buildings in the historical blocks need protecting so that the heavy reshaping could be avoided when the infra
38、structures are innovated.The structural features of the buildings should be taken into account when the pipeline systems are installed，changing the original structure of the historical buildings as less as possible ( 2) To remain the original style and feature The pavements of the historical blocks
39、have values of sight-seeing，heavy loss will be caused if they are rebuilt The construction of water supply and drainage systems will seriously get the roads destroyed If they must be reconstruction，the original materials should be preserved during the reconstruction.The newly-selected materials will
40、 be in agreements with the original featureFor example，the well covers are designed as pseudo-antiques in many historical blocks，creating historical feeling 2-3 Reshaping green landscapes There are the well-designed green landscapes in many historical blocks.They are established on the basis of the
41、following historical reasons: The historical blocks are the developed business centers in a certain regions In such blocks，many rich men built their residences in which gardens were their important parts.These well-designed, fine-management gardens have high sight-seeing value They were well preserv
42、ed，protected and even expanded though their owners were different in different historical stages The green landscape in historical blocks are usually well-protected and not destroyed because many people believe on geomancy so that many ancient trees survived.Unlike the historical buildings requiring
43、 frequent repair and rebuilding，the greening trees can survive and growth without any care provided that their circumstances have not heavily damaged so that many ancient trees survived in such blocksIn the construction of modern cities，many real estate developers ignore the value of greening landsc
44、apes in the historical blocks，demolished many historical gardens to build houses and office buildings，leading to the consequence that many ancient trees disappeared The renovation of gardening landscapes in the historical blocks should observe the following principles (1)Taking the protection first，
45、trying to remain the original style and feature Such gardening landscapes usually dominate in ancient wood，they have a long history with a certain ancient relics For the historical gardens with the value of cultural relics，their redressing should be conducted according to the law of cultural relic p
46、rotection As for the redressing of the inherited common green landscapes，some resting facilities can be built in the areas while the original style and feature should be remainedThe materials and the techniques in the classic garden construction should be applied during redressing the garden landsca
47、pes The protection should be put first during redressing the gardens in the historical blocks，remaining the original style and feature with change as less as possible The ancient wood should be carefully protected ( 2) The renovation of the recently-built green landscapesThere are usually recently-b
48、uilt greening landscapes in the historical blocks Some of them are disagreed with the landscapes in the blocks Squares are built with modern materials so that the cities could look unorthodox，causing the historical circumstance to disappear Therefore，such kind of green landscapes need rebuilding If
49、the landscapes have the use value，such as small squares，greens，etc.their functions could be still ensured，but their structure materials and style should be adjustedThe style of the design in details should agree with that of the historical blocks; both the original materials and the modern materials，which can show the historical style and feature of the blocks，can be encouraged to be app
