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1、直肠癌诊断及术前分期,宋立涛 2011-12-21,直肠大体解剖,直肠是结肠的延续,上接乙状结肠,下接肛管,长12-15cm。直肠上界解剖学定在第2骶椎下缘,外科学定在骶骨岬水平,分为三部:1、直肠乙状部:骶骨岬至第2骶椎下缘2、直肠上部:第2骶椎下缘至腹膜返折,3、直肠下部:腹膜返折至耻骨直肠肌附着部上缘。,直肠的供血动脉,直肠上动脉直肠中动脉直肠下动脉骶正中动脉,直肠周围的淋巴结,直肠旁淋巴结直肠上淋巴结骶淋巴结臀下淋巴结腹股沟浅淋巴结上群,淋巴结引流途径,1、直肠旁淋巴结直肠上淋巴结肠系膜下淋巴结2、直肠中下段淋巴管髂内淋巴结髂总淋巴结3、直肠外淋巴丛骶淋巴结主动脉下淋巴结及髂总淋巴结4
2、、齿状线上方淋巴管坐骨直肠窝淋巴结臀下淋巴结髂总淋巴结,直肠癌流行病学,中国结直肠癌发病状况,中国结直肠癌发病率、死亡率仅次于肺、胃、肝癌位于第四位结直肠死亡/发病比 57.5%每年近10万患者死于结直肠癌,且死亡人数正逐年增加,万(人数),临床表现,便血,最常见症状,80%-90%患者有此症状直肠刺激征:如便意频繁,排便习惯改变排便不尽感,里急后重肠管狭窄症状:大便变形、变细肛门疼痛及肛门失禁慢性消耗性表现及恶病质类癌综合征表现,相关检查,直肠指诊内镜检查实验室检查影像学检查,影像学检查方法,直肠癌发病率逐年上升,严重威胁人们的生命和健康,目前手术是治愈的唯一方法,而正确的术前分期关系手术方
3、案的选择和病人的预后,分期系统,TNM分期系统Dukes分期,TNM分期,。,原发肿瘤(T),Tx 原发肿瘤无法评价T0 无原发肿瘤证据Tis 原位癌:局限于上皮内或侵犯黏膜固有层T1 肿瘤侵犯黏膜下层T2 肿瘤侵犯固有肌层T3 肿瘤穿透固有肌层到达浆膜下层,或侵犯 无腹膜覆盖的直肠旁组织T4a 肿瘤穿透腹膜脏层T4b 肿瘤直接侵犯或粘连于其他器官或结构,T分期,区域淋巴结(N),Nx 区域淋巴结无法评价N0 无区域淋巴结转移N1 有1-3枚区域淋巴结转移N1a 有1枚区域淋巴结转移N1b 有2-3枚区域淋巴结转移N1c 浆膜下、肠系膜、无腹膜覆盖结肠/直肠周围组织内有肿瘤种植(TD,tumo
4、r deposit),无区域淋巴结转移N2 有4枚以上区域淋巴结转移N2a 4-6枚区域淋巴结转移N2b 7枚及更多区域淋巴结转移,系膜内淋巴结,系膜根部淋巴结,髂血管旁淋巴结,远处转移(M),Mx 远处转移无法评价M0 无远处转移M1 有远处转移M1a 远处转移局限于单个器官或部位(如肝,肺,卵巢,非区域淋巴结)M1b 远处转移分布于一个以上的器官/部位或腹膜转移,临床分期及治疗方案,0期及I期-局限切除II期及III期-新辅助治疗+手术治疗IV:IVA:转移灶R0切除+手术切除病灶 IVB:姑息治疗,dukes 分期,a期 癌灶穿出肌层,无淋巴结转移。b期 癌灶已穿出深肌层并侵入浆膜层、浆
5、膜外或直肠周围组织,但无淋巴结转移。c期 癌灶伴有淋巴结转移。又分为:c1期 癌灶邻近淋巴结转移(肠旁及系膜淋巴结);c2期 癌灶伴有肠系膜动脉结扎处淋巴结转移。d期 癌灶伴有远处器官转移,或因局部广泛浸润或淋巴结广泛转移而切除术后无法治愈或无法切除者。,Dukes分期与tnm分期对应关系,Dukes a=t1nomo,t2nomo Dukes b=t3nomo,t4nomo Dukes c=任何 tn1m0,任何tn2m。Dukes c2=任何tn3m0 Dukes d=任何t任何nm1,病例,女性,71岁主诉:大便带血20余天现病史:患者20余天前无诱因下出现大便中少量带血,鲜红色,大便不
6、成形,排便次数无明显增加,无恶心呕吐、无腹痛腹胀,无明显食欲减退。,相关检查,肛检:距肛缘6cm左右可及一广基病变,上缘未及,占肠腔1/2周,表面高低不平,质脆。退指可见指套染血。肠镜:距肛门5-13cm 见一巨大增殖性病灶,占肠腔1/2,表面菜花样,质脆,易出血。,手术方式:L-Dixon+末端回肠造口 术后病理:“直肠”腺癌,II级(隆起型),侵润浆膜层;“肠旁淋巴结”0/4枚、“系膜间淋巴结”0/7枚见癌转移,血管根部淋巴结0/6枚,均未见癌转移,备注:两侧切端、基底切端及系膜均未见癌转移。,病例,女性,72岁主诉:里急后重,大便呈粘液状1月余现病史:患者1个月前无明显诱因下出现里急后重
7、,大便量较少,呈黄色粘液状。次数为每天3,4次。患者于外院就诊诊断为痢疾,行补液支持治疗后患者好转。半个月前,患者出现大便中带少量鲜血,覆盖于大便上。患者肛门口可擦到鲜血较多,无痛。患者食欲较差,进食量较少,无腹痛、腹胀、发热等其它疾病。,相关检查,肛检:距肛缘4cm可触及菜花样肿块,占肠腔一周,质硬,较固定,指尖无法触及肿块上缘,退出指套未染血。肠镜:距肛门6-15cm处见一增殖性病灶,占据肠腔约1/2周,肠腔狭窄。,The incidence and mortality of rectal cancer is continuously growing in China,the stage
8、of locoregional disease and the presence or absence of metastases,together with specific prognostic and predictive factors,are of paramount importance for individual patient management.,The TNM staging system classifies the extent of cancer based on anatomical information about the size and extent o
9、f primary tumor(T),the regional lymphnode status(N)and the distant metastases(M),grouping the cases with similar prognostic.,Primary tumor(T),Tx Primary tumor can not be assessedT0 No evidence of primary tumorTis Carcioma in situ:intraepithelial or invasion of lamina porpria T1 Tumor invades submuco
10、saT2 Tumor invades muscularis propriaT3 Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissuesT4a Tumor penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneumT4b Tumor directly invades or is adherent to other organs or structures,Regional Lymph Nodes(N),Nx Regional lymph nodes cannot
11、 be assessedN0 No regional lymph node metastasisN1 Metastasis in 1 to 3 regional lymph nodesN1a Metastasis in 1 regional lymph nodeN1b Metastasis in 2-3 regional lymph nodesN1c Tumor deposit(s)in the subserosa,mesentery,or non-peritonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues without regional nodal met
12、astasisN2a Metastasis in 4 to 6 regional lymph nodesN2b Metastasis in 7 or more regional lymph nodes,Distant Metastasis(M),Mx Distant metastasis can not be accessedM0 No distant metastasisM1 Distant metastasisM1aMetastasis confined to one organ or site(e.g.,liver,lung,ovary non-regional node)M1bMeta
13、stases in more than one organ/site or the peritoneum,The TNM staging system itself was not exempt from heavy complaints until the 5th revision,being accused for unjustified complexity and“lack of clinical meaning”,with the new development of staging system,we belive it will help doctors making proper plans on treating the patients And finally benefit them.,谢谢!,