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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上The Innovative Design of Construct HoistJia Wenhua,Yin ChenboInstitute of Automobile and Construction Machinery,Nanjing University of technology,Nanjing ,P.R.China专心-专注-专业Abstract In this paper,the current development of construction hoist is reviewed.The structure and the characteristi
2、cs of the construction hoist are described.The key technologies such as the structure of the diversity of the construction,the traction-lift construction,the integrated winch system and the computer aided design are discussed.Keywords Construction machinery hoist;Innovative design; Electro-hydraulic
3、.1 IntroductionThe construction hoist is a kind of mechanical machinery used to lift passengers and materials along the vertical or rail-dumping mast.It is composed of platforms,hopper ,cage and so on. It can help to improve productivity and reduce costs. To meet the needs of different kinds of cons
4、tructions,many new types of construction hoists have sprung up which have advanced functions.2 Innovative design of structure2.1 Common structureConstruction hoists can be divided into four types according to the number of cage and mast. Their relative position is shown in Fig.1. a b c d(a) double m
5、ast and single cage(b) Single mast and cages on both sides(c) Single mast and a cages in one side (d) Single mast and a cage insideFig.1 Common structure diagramThe hoists have been widely applied in construction to enhance productivity and construction costs greatly. The standard sections of hoists
6、 with either single mast sections or double mast sections are all connected by bolts,and fixed on the wall by connections.There are mechanical springs fixed on the bottom frame of this in order to increase the reliabilities.2.2 Several new types of structureThe tilt hoist has rail-dumping masts,whic
7、h can be applied where the building is not vertical.Its mast is parallel to the fade of buildings.It is widely used for chimneys,towers,bridges and other high-rise tilt buildings.One folding and removal hoist for low-rise buildings has emerged in recent years.He folding and removal hoist made by Ger
8、man BOCKER and it has a good performance.This hoist can pass through narrow passenger ways,when the structure is compact.The rail sections of this hoist can rotate 360 around the base,operating easily and efficiently.Furthermore,the rail sections can be extended and bended so that materials can be t
9、ransported conveniently to the roof of the buildings.According to those superiorities,this type hoist will be applied widely in low-rise buildings.To adapt the trend of energy-saving and safety,the effective ways to optimize the machinery hoists are reduction of self-weight and diversity of product
10、forms.The MB-hoists made by Italy MABER has a trilateral cross-section mast.This type of mast sections can reduce self-weight but not lower performance,and it can reduce cost and be installment quickly and easily.The CM-double mast can share the mast with other cage or platform,so that it overcomes
11、the problem of low utilization about the traditional double mast hoist,increases the load capacity.In general,this type hoist is suitable in the large-scale buildings for material or passenger.3 drive system innovative designThe drive system is the core part of a hoist,and it plays a significant rol
12、e in the advanced,safe and comfortable characters of a hoist.3.1 Rack-and-pinion gears drive systemUsing rack-and-pinion gears,the drive system has high efficiency and reliability.There are two types of connection between the cage and the drive system.The first type is that the drive system arranged
13、 within the cage.It is fastened on the hoist,driving the hoist moving directly.Another is that the drive system arranged upon the cage,it is connected the cage by pins,drawing the hoist moving indirectly.The form of the elastic fixing is simpler than of the rigid fastening and can compensate for the
14、 influence and can compensate for the influence of rack-and-pinion gears,these influences incurred by the error of the production and assembly. The elastic fixing can also avoid of the damages of the drive system and play a buffer so that the hoist has a stable brake.3.2 Traction drive systemThe dri
15、ve system is driven by the tractor,and the speed reducer outputs the torque to the dray round.The tractor driver through the ropes and the dray round the hoist moving.The tractor has two types of relative placement,underneath type and top-installed type.Because of the complex of the structure and th
16、e higher cost,the underneath type has not been applied widely.As show in Fig.2,the manned hoist with top-installed traction machine developed by the authors of this Fig.2 Manned with top-installed traction machinepaper,whose tractor is fixed on beam.This hoist uses the over-speed governor and the sa
17、fety gears.When the speed reaches or surpasses a given value,the over-speed governor will stop and pull the safety gears to move in the mean time,the cage is stopped on the mast.For this type hoist,the problems about the complex structure and cage crashing were solved.Because of all of these advanta
18、ges,this new type hoist will be applied widely.3.3 Integrated winch drive systemThe winch is a non-continuous working machine,starting and braking frequently.Its safe operation is very important for the hoisting.To avoid various steel wires of mutual rubbing and multi-winding piling up,the winch sho
19、uld establish a rope arranging device,and the rope distance is slightly bigger than the wire diameter.Meantime,the wire winding height of the drum between the outer sides should have a certain safe altitudes.This height should not be smaller than 2 times of the wire diameter.The voltage frequency co
20、nverter system has been used in winch drive system.Using the VFC system,it is not only can simplify the wiring control but also can adjust speed conveniently,so that the hoist has a strong mechanical properties,high precision control and low electricity consumption.With the development of the integr
21、ated mechanical technology,the winches are no longer assembled in independent modules and series completed,but to use the electro-hydraulic technologies to be assembled a computer unit.Using the integrated winch,the system can achieve the given movement and function accurately,leading to the reliabl
22、e,compact,high performance and energy saving purposes.The integrated winch integrates the motor,brakes,drive gears,coupling as a whole.At present the biggest integrated winch is installed in the Western Mimings Olympic Dam in Australia.About this integrated winch,the motor os installed in the drum,a
23、nd something such as the motor or the gear box is not on the outside.The winch and the related systems were designed and made cooperatively by German Demag GHH Company,Australia Cegelec Company and Man GHH Company.3.4 Hydraulic driveThe hydraulic drive is a later development technology relative to m
24、echanical drive.With the increasing demand of computer technology as well as other advanced technologies,the hydraulic technology is developing rapidly and is seeping to various industry areas.The elector-hydraulic technology is becoming the mainly studying field.To the engineering machinery,electro
25、-hydraulic product is a integrated product collected by hydraulic,mechanical and electronic device.One type hoist made by German PAUS is composed by power unit,driving unit and operating device.Its electro-hydraulic technology is mainly represented in the electronic control of the total hoist,electr
26、o-hydraulic drive,manipulation,remote control and so on.The hydraulic and electrical control technology is coordinated conveniently to realize the procedure movement.By controlling the work fluid the hydraulic pump and the solenoid electric valve complete the actions,either the leg cylinder movement
27、 or the rack cylinder to expand and contract or two motors movement,then the two motors impetus the winches to drive the cage movement.Microprocessor control systems can remote control the hoist timely action,safely and reliably.4 Computer aided innovative designThe rapid development and popularizat
28、ion of the computer technology has laid a strong foundation for the construction hoists.Such as 3D model design,Optimization Design,Finite Element Analysis and so on.To avoid of forming isolated“island”of modern designs,the integrated design emerges.4.1 Application of integrated design technologyThe
29、 integrated design technology is based on the parallel design processing,breaks the serial pattern traditional product development process.Standing on the product design and manufacturing process,the integrated design considers all of the related process to complete th ee product process efficiently
30、.Fig.3 is the integrated design system flow chart which has been designed by the authors of this paper.In CAD the structure is designed,then the finite element analysis in Fig.3 Flow diagram of integrated design systemCAE will be used and the kinematics and dynamics simulation will be taken on.If th
31、e results are not up to the design requirements,they should be redesigned,until the results meet the requirements.Next they are transmitted to CAPP(Computer Aided Process Planning)to be planned,then to CAM(Computer Aided Manufacturing)to be production simulated and to be assembly simulated based on
32、DFA.This integrated design will be used to shorten the cycle of the production development and to reduce the costs.Among these technologies,the 3D design and the finite element analysis are the key part of the product design.4.2 3d model design 3D model is easy to understand and is intuitive,but als
33、o can prepare for the other follow-up treatments.It has run through the process of the design and production instead of acting as an assistant role.The method of 3D model has been used in the software of the computer aided design which has been developed by the authors.It is so difficult to express
34、clearly the mast tie of the hoist by 2D map (Fig.4) so that workers only can rely on experience in welding and assembling.Fig.4 2D map of mast Fig.5 3D model of mast tieHowever,then 3D model will be able to overcome this disadvantage smoothly.As shown in Fig.5,the 3D model has expressed the mast tie
35、 obviously to improve productivity and reduce labor intensity successfully.4.3 Finite element analysisThe finite element analysis can be considered as an effective way to solve complex practical engineering problems which cant be solved by theoretical analysis.In this paper,the hoist has been analyz
36、ed by the finite element.That shows that the deformation of the mast section close to the top or the mast tie is smaller than the other.After finishing the static structural analysis,the comparison between the conclusion and the design requirements will determine whether to continue or to renew the
37、process so that the design of the failure rate is minimization.5 ConclusionsIn this paper,the structure of several typed of machinery hoists have been presented,the performance features and the drive system have been described also.Specifically,the key and advanced technologies have been provided an
38、d studied about the future development of the construction machinery hoists.In short, integrated and electro-hydraulic technology will be considered in the future research to meet the diversified and optimal needs.As an important up-down carrier,the further development of the construction hoist is b
39、ound useful to the construction.Therefore,it is important to correctly understand the advantages and disadvantages of the current construction hoist.Accordingly,advanced theories and technology should be promoted to improve future research and development of this construction industry.Reference1Y.k.
40、shen,J.M.Ding,M.Z.Su.Construction mechanics development on high rise buildingJJournal of Building Structures:20062 O.F Melikhova. Improving the development of standards in construction,Promyshlennoe iGrazhdanskoe Stroitel;stvo,Vol,10,37-42,(2002).3 Gray Lee.The marine electric elevator and the Washi
41、ngton Monument,Elevator World,Vol.55(1),50-53,(2007).4 C.Onwubiko.“Introduction to engineering design optimization”,Prentice-Hall,(2000).施工升降机的创新设计Jia Wenhua,Yin ChenboInstitute of Automobile and Construction Machinery,Nanjing Usiversity of technology,Nanjing ,P.R.China摘要：在本文中，对施工升降机的发展现状进行了综述。阐述了施工
42、升降机的结构及特点。如建筑的多样性结构、牵引施工升降机、集成绞车系统和计算机辅助设计的关键技术的讨论。关键词:工程机械提升机 创新设计 电动液压1 简介施工升降机是一种用于电梯乘客和沿垂直或倾斜轨道的机械。它是由平台，绳索，壳体等组成的。它可以帮助提高生产率和降低成本。为了满足不同的工程需要，施工升降机的许多新类型如雨后春笋般涌现，其先进的功能。2 结构创新设计2.1 常见的结构施工升降机可以分为四种类型根据壳体和桅杆的数量。它们的相对位置如图1所示。 a b c d a) 双桅杆和单壳体 b) 单桅和两侧壳体c) 单桅杆和单面单壳体 d) 单桅杆内单壳体图1 常见的结构图起重机被广泛应用于建
43、设施工中，因此大大的提高了生产力和降低了建设成本。起重机的单桅杆部分或双桅杆的标准部分都是通过螺栓连接,并通过连接固定在墙上。有机械弹簧固定在框架的底部,以提高可靠性。2.2 几种新类型的结构倾斜起重机具有轨倾销桅杆，可应用于不是垂直的建筑上，它的桅杆是平行于建筑物的消退，它广泛用于烟囱、塔、桥梁和其他高层倾斜建筑。低层建筑的一个折叠和拆卸葫芦已经在最近几年出现。折叠和拆卸葫芦由德国伯克制造，具有良好的性能。这种起重机可以通过狭窄的客运方式，结构紧凑。这种起重机的导轨部分可以围绕基座旋转360，操作简单有效。此外，轨道可以扩展和弯曲，使得材料可方便运输的建筑物上面。根据这些优势，这种类型的提升
44、起重机将广泛应用于低层建筑的建设中。为了适应节能和安全趋势，优化机械起重机的有效途径是降低造成自重和产品形式的多样性。MB升降机由意大利马伯具有三角形截面杆,这种类型的桅杆部分可以减少自重但不降低性能,而且可以降低成本,安装快速便捷。CM双桅杆可以共享桅杆与其他壳体或平台，从而克服了传统的双桅起重机利用率低的问题，提高了承载能力。一般来说,这种类型起重机适用于大型建筑材料或乘客。3 驱动系统创新设计驱动系统是电动葫芦的核心部分，它在一个葫芦的先进，安全，舒适等方面起到了显著作用。3.1 齿条和小齿轮驱动系统利用齿条和小齿轮，驱动系统具有较高的效率和可靠性。有两种类型的壳体和驱动系统之间的连接。
45、第一种是驱动系统装在壳体内部。它是固定在提升机上，使提升机直接驱动的移动。另一种是驱动系统安装在壳体上，它连接的是壳体的引脚，间接提升葫芦移动。弹性固的定形式比刚性固定的简单，可以补偿的齿条和小齿轮的影响，这些影响产生的生产和装配的误差的影响。弹性固定也可避免驱动系统的损害，并起到缓冲，以使葫芦具有稳定的制动。3.2 牵引传动系统传动系统是由拖拉机驱动，减速机的扭矩输出到板车圆盘。拖拉机驾驶员控制绳索和板车轮提升机移动。图2配备顶部安装的牵引机拖拉机有两种类型的相对位置，下置式和顶装式。由于结构复杂、成本较高，下置式尚未得到了广泛的应用。如显示在图2，载人升降机上安装曳引机，本文作者研制的拖拉
46、机，其上固使用定梁。这种葫芦使用限速器和安全装置。当速度达到或超过给定值时，限速器将停止并将安全齿轮同时动作，轿厢停止在桅杆上。对于这种类型的葫芦，对复杂的结构和保持架崩溃问题就解决了。因为所有这些优点，这种新型提升机将被广泛应用。3.3 集成卷扬机传动系统卷扬机是一种非连续工作的机器，启动、制动频繁。其安全运行对提升机是非常重要的。为了避免各种钢丝相互摩擦和多绕组堆放，绞车应建立的排绳装置，与绳的距离比导线的直径略大。同时，绕线高度的鼓的外侧面之间应该有一定的安全高度。这个高度不应小于2倍的导线直径。电压频率转换器系统已被用于卷扬机的传动系统。利用该变频控制系统，不仅可以简化布线控制还可以方
47、便地调节速度，使提升机具有较强的机械性能，高的控制精度和较低的电力消耗。集成机械技术的发展，卷扬机不再是由独立模块和系列组装完成，而是利用电液技术来组装计算机单元。使用集成的卷扬机，系统可以实现给定的运动和准确的功能，以至于综合集成可靠，结构紧凑，高性能和节能的目的。集成卷扬机集电机、刹车、传动齿轮、耦合为一个整体。目前最大的综合卷扬机安装在澳大利亚西部的奥林匹克坝。关于这个集成卷扬机，电机的操作系统安装在滚筒上，如电机或齿轮箱不是在外面。卷扬机和相关系统的设计和制造由德国德马格GHH公司澳大利亚西技来克公司和个人GHH公司合作完成的。3.4 液压传动液压传动相对于机械传动技术以后的发展。随着
48、计算机技术等先进技术需求的不断增加，液压技术迅速发展，并渗透到各种行业领域。电液技术正成为主要的研究领域。在工程机械，电动液压产品是由液压，机械和电子设备组成的集成产品。由德国制造的一种提升机是由动力装置，驱动装置和操作装置组成的。它的电液技术主要体现在电子控制的总葫芦，电动液压驱动，操作，远程控制等。液压和电气控制技术是协调实现程序的运行。通过控制液压泵的工作流体和电磁电动阀完成行动，要么压油缸运动或齿条油缸扩张和收缩两个电机的运动，则这两个电动机驱动网箱移动。微处理器控制系统可以远程控制启、闭动作及时，安全可靠。4 计算机辅助创新设计计算机技术的飞速发展和普及为施工升降机奠定了坚实的基础，如三维模型设计，优化设计，有限元分析等。为了避免形成分离的现代设计，一体化设计出现了。4.1 集成设计技术的应用集成设计是基于并行设计过程，打破了传统的串行模式的产品开发过程。站在产品设计和制造过程，综合设计考虑所有相关的过程来有效地完成产品的过程。图3集成设计系统流程图图3是由本文作者设计的集成设计系统流程图。在CAD中的
