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1、A Brief History of Chinese Painting,4th Century 20th Century,A personal view on the development of painting in China,All right reserved.Available free for non-commercial and not profit use only,Jerry Tse,April 2006.London.Version 2.0.,The Pre-history of Decorative Pictorial Arts,Some of the oldest p
2、ictorial arts in China.,Chinese painting timeline,The Beginning of Painting-The Archaic Period,A clear distinction between art from craft is difficult to made.It is generally agreed that the history of Chinese painting began in the East Jin Dynasty 東晉(317-420).The best known painter at the time was
3、Gu Kaizhi 顧愷之(346-407 AD).He was a court painter.None of his paintings survived but copies made centuries later had been attributed to him.This is nearly a thousand years before the development of painting in Europe.,Shang 商c1600-c1100 BCZhou 周c1100-256 BCQin 秦221 206 BCHan 漢206 BC 220 ADJin晉263-420
4、Three Kingdom 三國220 265Southern Dynasties 南 朝317 589Northern Dynasties 北 朝386-581Sui 隋581 618Tang 唐618 907Five Dynasty 五代907 960Ten Kingdom 十國907 979 Song 宋960 1279 Yuan 元1271 1368Ming 明1368 1644Qing 清1644-1911,Jin 晉(317-420),Palace Lady,attributed to Gu Kaizhi(317-407)from a 4-5th Century Tang copy
5、.女史箴图,東晉,Tang Dynasty The Flowering of Chinese painting,Tang 唐(618 907),China returned to a period of stability and prosperity in Tang.The major genres of Chinese painting Figure,Landscape,Flower&Bird,Buddhist and even monochrome ink painting,have their beginnings traced back to Tang.Pre-Tang is the
6、 Archaic period of Chinese painting and Tang is the foundation on which all types of Chinese paintings built on.Most of the famous painters of the time were court painters.,A copy Lady Kuo-kuo and Her Sisters Setting Forth on an Outing.Zhang Xuan.Palace Museum.Tang women were among some of the most
7、liberated women in the history of China,as the painting showed ladies were allowed riding in the out door.張萱,Snowscape attributed to Wang Wei(698-759 Tang).He was a literary giant and influential painter in Chinese culture,as well as an official in the government.王維-诗中有画，画中有诗,唐,Conversation of Vimal
8、akirti,Tang 唐(618 907),唐,Palace Concert,Tang 唐(618 907),唐,Song(960 1279),宋,A zenith of Chinese Painting,Wang Xi meng painted the above scene at the age of 18 at the Imperial Painting Academy.He died soon afterward.,About 200 to 300 years before the beginning of Renaissance in Europe or about 700 yea
9、rs since Gu Kaizhi,in Song Dynasty,Chinese painting reached a zenith in its development,with all the branches of painting reached new heights.Song Dynasty was divided into Northern Song and Southern Song.In 1127,the capital N Song of Kaifang 開封 was overran by Jin 金 and the capital was moved to Hangz
10、hou 杭州.Song had always adopted a policy of in favour of the scholar official instead of the military.It was the Golden age of scholar officials.As a result,Song was culturally and scientifically sophisticated but militarily very weak.,Song 宋(960 1279),Song,the turning point.,Song 宋(960 1279),Up unti
11、l Song,naturalism was the main goal of painting development.Gradually,naturalism was replaced by the subjective and spiritualistic influences of the Impressionistic Literati movement,in late Song.Objective views were replaced by the subjective views of the world.The Literati movement dominates the d
12、evelopment of Chinese painting since,up until modern times.Painters were taught not to copy nature but to paint the images in their mind.,During Song Dynasty the Chinese paintings reached a zenith,in which all categories of Chinese painting attained their heights.Science and performing arts e.g.oper
13、a,also flourished.,Walking the Horse.Han Gan active 742-756.Tang.韓干,Musical Court with Lotus Fragrance,Literati-Self Expressionism,文人画,The Literati movement began by the Scholar Officials in Song,with Su Shih 苏轼(1036-1101)being its chief spokesman.By Yuan it was the main stream of Chinese painting.I
14、n contrast,the court painting tradition was in decline.Painting became a way of self expressions and personal cultivation.Plum blossoms,orchids,bamboo and chrysanthemums were the symbols of the movement,representing the moral qualities of the Confucius scholars.Daoism and Buddhism helped to reinforc
15、e this development toward the subjective view of the world.Painters were less interested in paint nature as it was but more interesting in using nature to express themselves.This took Chinese painting in a different direction from naturalism.It was the main stream of Chinese painting until early Qin
16、g Dynasty,with its influence felt even today.,Bamboo.1350 Wu Xhen.吳鎮(1280 1354).Yuan.National Palace Museum.Taipei.,Figure Painting and Portraiture.,Figure Painting was the first to developed in the 4C.It always associated with court painters.It has an affinity with naturalism.At times,Literati Impr
17、essionism influences were being felt.From the series of portraits above,it is clear from the development of naturalism was stopped in the 12-13C.It experienced a revival in Qing in the 18C.Last portrait above shows undoubtedly Western influence.,人物,2-3C Han,4C Jin,Mid 7C Early Tang,Late 10C Early So
18、ng,Late 10C Early Song,Early 13C Late Song,Mid 13C Late Song,Late 13C Yuan,Late 15C Ming,18C Qing-Emperor Kangxi,Queen of Jen-tsung,Landscape 1,山水,Early development of Landscape can be traced back to 8C in Tang.After the collapse of Tang,during the Five Dynasty many painters sought refuge in the mou
19、ntains,leading to the development of Monumental Landscape style.,Landscape 2,Composition and styles were essentially unchanged from Song to Qing.Literati influence is strongest in Yuan but can still be seen in Qing.Mings landscape paintings were similar to those in Song.,山水,Qings landscape painting
20、were more colourful and saw the return of Monumental Landscape painting.Individual styles began to emerge.,Flowers&Birds,花鸟,The development of Flower&Bird paintings is one of the main driver toward naturalism and it is the last of the three major genres to be developed.Its origin can be traced back
21、to the Animal painting of Tang and to the floral decorations on Buddhist art.Literali movement has also made its influence fell here.Song marked the height of its development.During the reign of Song Huizong(1082-1135),over half of the imperial collections were Flower&Bird paintings.Naturalism has a
22、chieved to such a degree of naturalism that individual species can be identified easily in painting.Qing saw a revival of the Flower&Birds genre with new vigour.,The hare ran across the path noisily.The jay asked“What is the hurry to disturbed the peace?”.The hare turned and looked back,at the jay.H
23、are&Jays.1061.Cai Bai 崔白National Palace Museum.Taipei.,The Chan Buddhist and Dao,禪道,The scope of sacred art in China is so vast that is should be treated separately.Here we restrict ourselves to only paintings by well established painters,thus excluding all the other forms of arts and crafts(like po
24、ttery sculptures or carvings).Using this criteria,the first Chan and Dao painters in China were Guanxiu 貫休 and Shi Ko 石恪 in the late Tang and early Five Dynasties,around the 10th century.Buddhism and Daoism played a significant role in the history of Chinese painting,from the beginnings of the lands
25、cape tradition to the origins of the literati movement.It is difficult to isolate any distinctly elements and styles across the entire spectrum of sacred painting,apart from its subject matter.,Patriarch and Tiger(copy after Shi Ko 石恪)10th Century.,五代十國,Sakyamuni Preaching.Zhang Sheng Wen 張勝溫 Late12
26、thC.,宋,Two Bodhisattvas,Yuan Self Expressionism,元,Song Dynasty ended in 1279.Not since the Qin Dynasty,the Chinese experienced such a repressive regime.Many of the scholar officials were no longer work for the bureaucracy.They were in recluse.As the Imperial Academy was defunct and court painting wa
27、s in decline,there was a fundamental shift toward literati painting.Chinese painting entered into the stage of Self Expressionism,in which paintings reflect the moral and self-cultivation of the painter.Instead artists painted for their own enjoyment,to limited audiences.All attempts to develop natu
28、ralism further was abandoned.During this period,landscape painting became the dominant subject,though which the literati was able to use it as a form of expression.In term this led to monotony of subject-matter and reduction of compositions(few objects in painting).It is also an era of monochrome ba
29、mboo and plum flowers paintings.,A rather untypical of late Yuan painting by Wang Meng 王蒙(c13081385),being a more colourful and more complex composition.,Ming-Revivalism,明,The return of Hans rule with the founding of the Ming Dynasty,led to revivalism.Painters were looking backward into history and
30、innovations were not encouraged.It was only in late Ming that sparks of innovations started to appear.,The return of the Imperial Academy bought back some of the Bird&Flowers painting styles of Song.However,the Literali movement was firmly established and continued its expansion to dominate the gene
31、ral thinking of artistic activities.,Guan Yu capturing His Enemy Pang De(Detail).Ming.Shang Xi 商喜,Gibbons at Play.1427.Emperor Xuan De 宣德,Qing Revitalised Energy,清,Paintings in Qing can be divided into three main schools Orthodox,Individualistic and Eccentric.Paintings get a boost from its contact w
32、ith the West.Paintings become much more colourful.The Orthodox was the major current in Early Qing when Manchu Emperors were busy embracing the traditional Han culture.It continued the tradition of painting monumental landscape,perhaps with a bit more colour.The Individualists introduced stylistic c
33、hanges to traditional painting.Among them were Shitao 石涛 and Zhu Da 朱耷,who were monks,influenced by Chan paintings.The Eccentric School begin in the 18C,with the“Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou”楊州八怪.It was the beginning of commercial painting in China.Their eccentricity was employed very successfully a
34、s a marketing tool.,One of the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhoul.,Modern Chinese Movements A New Beginning,现代,Western painting gave traditional Chinese painting a boost in Qing Dynasty then 20th century Chinese artists want a decisive break with the past and to branch out and to explore new areas.This i
35、s an echo of the political environment at the time.Paintings became more colourful and the subject matter widened significantly.In the early half of the century,we had The Shanghai School,the Lingnan School and the Woodcut movements.Many artists were consciously experimenting on adapting Western tec
36、hniques and styles into the Chinese context.The second half of the 20C Chinese painting was dominated by political the atmosphere at the time.The early years saw the strong influence of the official Soviet art.In the final years of the 20C,Chinese painting was once again freed to find its outlets.,L
37、otus and Frog.1954.Qi Baishi.齊白石,Although the water based Chinese painting limit its ability to represent real objects.However,it is not difficult to imagine that the Chinese would have painted with oil,if there is such a need.The fact that the Chinese did not do so,suggest that naturalism is not th
38、e primary driving force behind their painting,at least after the Song Dynasty.As we seen previously,this is highlighted by the development of the Literati Movement.Another noticeable difference is the format(or size)of their paintings.The Chinese favour hanging scroll and hand scroll in which differ
39、ent parts of the painting is revealed simply by scrolling the painting.Thus the Chinese perspectives is the perspective of a moving observer.This is not unlike the computer game graphic(isometric)perspective,which is also used in Engineering drawings.This contrast with the single stationary observer
40、 perspectives developed in the West.Both the West and the Chinese also use tonal perspective to give painting its depth by fading of strong colours to show receding distances.,Chinese painting is primarily water based,compare to the oil base painting of the West.According to John Berger oil painting
41、 was invented so that it can present a object accuracy or to create an illusion of reality.,“What distinguishes oil painting from any other form of painting is its special ability to render the tangibility,the texture,the lustre,the solidity of what it depicts.It defines the real as that which you c
42、an put your hands on.”Ways of Seeing p88.,Some Different between the Western and Chinese traditions,Perspectives in Chinese Painting,Chinese paintings use a different techniques to express perspectives.Unlike the Wests single point or station perspective,the Chinese use a moving point perspective.Th
43、erefore Chinese paintings has no vanishing point.It also uses colours to enhance distance.Chinese paintings do not use shading and objects can appear flat and without solidity.,The way perspective used in Chinese painting scroll is like a bird flying along the scene at 20m to 30m high,varying its he
44、ight and distance as it goes along.There is no clear horizon in the painting.It is a truly bird eye view of the area.It is similar to perspective used in engineering technical drawings.,A device used to draw parallel lines thus maintaining the isometric perspective,like engineering drawing.,Restaura
45、nt on the upper floor.,The Environment of the practitioners-Painters,The history of Western painting began around 13-14C.Many of the early painters were craftsmen.They depended their livelihoods on patronage and more importantly on commissions.It was common that well-know painters had their own work
46、shops to help in the production of paintings.Competition between rivals led to improvement in techniques,which can made rapid changes in decades.Religion particular the use of paintings in churches played a crucial role in the early development of painting in the West.Masterpieces are on displayed i
47、n church for all to see.By the 17C painters started to sell their paintings to the middle class in the Netherlands,making it possible for artists to pursue an independent career as a painter.Chinese painters were primarily scholar officials or court painters,who do not need to win commissions and to
48、 earn a living from selling their paintings.In fact the practice was frown on.They normally came from the more privilege background.Painting together calligraphy were seen as part of the activity of the educated elites.Unless one had the access of the imperial painting library or belong to the Schol
49、ar Official class,masterpieces were unlikely to be seen by the public.Commercial paintings only appeared in China in the mid-19C.,Observations and Conclusions,The answer to the question why the Chinese never develop naturalism to the same level of the West is that they did not want to.Naturalism was
50、 not their goal.at least after SongThis outcome must throw back to the cultural context,the philosophy and the social values in which Chinese painting was developed.In my view the critical environment for the development of painting in China and in the West were affected by the social,economic and p
