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1、2023/2/26,法律英语,1,Legal English,Presented by Fan Jiaoyan,Law school,Three Gorges University,2023/2/26,法律英语,2,Part I Course Introduction,1.What is Legal English?2.How can we study?3.Reading list and resources,2023/2/26,法律英语,3,I-1.What is Legal English?,Legal English is a kind of language which is used
2、 by lawyers,judges and jurists;Its a special kind of language which is even called foreign language of English,for including certain vocabularies,terms and certain expression.,2023/2/26,法律英语,4,General Introduction.Why Learning?1.We learn common law and we learn its legal English.Three Legal System（三
3、大法系）1)Romano-Germanic civil law tradition(大陆法系)2)Anglo-American common tradition(英美法系)3)Socialist tradition(社会主义法系)Common law system is quite important in the world,we learn foreign law which mainly means common law,2023/2/26,法律英语,5,2.We need lawyers who have law knowledge and English capacity.WTOEc
4、onomic Development,2023/2/26,法律英语,6,2023/2/26,法律英语,7,characteristics of Legal English,1.Precise.Not random as ordinary English.For example,different preposition means differently.Legal disputes often arise from it.Thus its formal,rigorous,more clauses or attributive adjuncts,and thus the sentence lo
5、nger,obscure and difficult to translate.,2023/2/26,法律英语,8,2.Formal,stiff,rare.Anglo-American law was formed in the middle ages.Before-prior，but-provided that，after-sequent，tell-advise，begin or start-commence，use-employ，according to-in accordance with，show-demonstrate，Others terms as equity、tort、tena
6、nts in common,2023/2/26,法律英语,9,3.A large number of loanwords,mainly Latin For example,de facto（事实上的），in re（关于），inter alia（除了别的因素以外；特别），alibi（不在犯罪现场），bona fide（真正的，真诚的），quasi（好像；准），per se（自身），ad hoc（专门的；专门地），etc.,2023/2/26,法律英语,10,4.Ordinary words with special meaning.For example,action（诉讼），avoid（取消）
7、，consideration（对价），execute（签署），prejudice（损害），save（除了，除外），serve（送达），said（上述，该），minor（未成年）或major（已成年），instrument（法律文件）.etc.,2023/2/26,法律英语,11,5.Ancient English and Medium age English are used。Largely employed here,there and where combined with preprositon,such as hereafter，herein，hereunder，hereafter，t
8、hereto，whereby，wherein，etc.,2023/2/26,法律英语,12,6.A great deal of legal terminology,jargon and cliches。Such as，burden of proof（举证责任），cause of action（案由），letters patent（专利证书），negotiable instrument（流通票据），reasonable doubt（合理的怀疑）.,2023/2/26,法律英语,13,7.Intentionally vague language，mainly for courtesy and re
9、spect.Yours majiesty,ect.,2023/2/26,法律英语,14,.What can we learn from this course?,1.General Knowledge(Background knowledge)2.Law(Civil Law,International Law,procedure law)3.Practice,2023/2/26,法律英语,15,Reading list,2023/2/26,法律英语,16,1)何家弘：法律英语，法律出版社，2008年版2)何主宇：最新法律专业英语北京:机械工业出版社3)曾令良：法律英语，武汉大学出版社，2007
10、年版4)Dicey&Morris on Conflict of Laws(13th edition)5)English essays,2023/2/26,法律英语,17,Suggested Law Dictionaries1.美国最权威、发行量最大的由West Publishing Company(西部出版公司)出版的布莱克法律字典(B lack s L aw D ictiona ry),另外比较好的是牛津法律辞典。,2023/2/26,法律英语,18,2.网络版:,2023/2/26,法律英语,19,2023/2/26,法律英语,20,2023/2/26,法律英语,21,Content of
11、 Learning,1.General knowledge2.Text3.Reading4.Cases and writing5.Video,2023/2/26,法律英语,22,Lessonone,Legalsystem of the USA,2023/2/26,法律英语,23,Background,Two periods of legal history:,The Period of the English Colonies,The Period of the United States,On May 14,1607,the Virginia Company explorers landed
12、 on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colony,The Revolutionary War in America(1775-1783),2023/2/26,法律英语,24,2023/2/26,法律英语,25,Characteristics,Common law legal system普通法系,Decentralization,Case law,Stare decisis遵从前例,2023/2/26,法律英语,26,TextPartOne,TheUnitedStatesisat once averynewnationa
13、veryoldnation,既年轻又古老的国家,2023/2/26,法律英语,27,itisconstantlybeingrenewedbytheadditionofnewelementsofpopulationandofnewStates不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入,Itisanewnation,Compared with many other countries与其他国家相比,2023/2/26,法律英语,28,Itis theoldestofthenewnationsthefirstonetobemadeoutof anOldWorldcolony.第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家t
14、heoldestwrittenconstitutiontheoldestcontinuousfederalsystem theoldestpracticeofself-government,Itisold,2023/2/26,法律英语,29,The wholeofitshistorybelongsintheperiodsincetheinventionoftheprinting press.美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。,2023/2/26,法律英语,30,foreventssuchas thosethatarelostinthelegendarypastofItalyorFranceorEn
15、gland arepartoftheprintedrecordoftheUnitedStates那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件，是美国有文字记载历史的一部分。,Thewholeofitshistoryisrecorded,2023/2/26,法律英语,31,AndtheAmericanrecord,Comprehensive复杂,Immense繁多,2023/2/26,法律英语,32,Recordofthecolonialera殖民时代的记载Record oftheNationsince1776国家从1776年开始的记载Record ofthepresentfiftySta
16、tes当前50个州的记载Theintricatenetworkof relationshipsbetweenStatesand Nation各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载,2023/2/26,法律英语,33,Thereportsofthe UnitedStatesSupremeCourtfill350volumesThereportsofsomeStatesarealmostequallyvoluminous.,联邦最高法院判例汇编,州法院判例汇编,2023/2/26,法律英语,34,ThereaderwhowantstotracethehistoryoflawinAmericaisconf
17、rontedwithover5,000 stoutvolumesoflegalcases.想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册的法律案例。,2023/2/26,法律英语,35,Noonedocument,nohandfulofdocuments,canproperlybesaidtorevealthecharacterofapeopleoroftheirgovernment.没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。,2023/2/26,法律英语,36,Whenhundredsandthousands ofdocumentsstrikeaconsistentnot
18、e，overmorethanahundredyears,wehavearighttosay thatisthekeynote.当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就是基调。,2023/2/26,法律英语,37,TheAmericanlegalsystem,liketheEnglish,ismethodologicallymainlyacase lawsystem.判例法,PartTwo,2023/2/26,法律英语,38,2023/2/26,法律英语,39,Mostfieldsofprivatelawstill consistprimarilyofcaselawand
19、theextensiveandsteadily growingstatutorycontinuestobesubjecttobinding interpretationthroughcaselaw.私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法，以及广泛的不断增加的成文法，这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。,2023/2/26,法律英语,40,2023/2/26,法律英语,41,Thecommonlawishistoricallythecommongenerallawwithsupremacyoverlocallawwhichwasdecreedbytheitinerantjudgesofth
20、eEnglishroyalcourt.普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。,2023/2/26,法律英语,42,enforcement 强制执行；claim 请求；action 诉讼行为；writ 法院令状；classical Roman law 古罗马法,2023/2/26,法律英语,43,The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action,a writ,with the result that the original common
21、law represented a system of action similar to that of classical Roman law.某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。,2023/2/26,法律英语,44,Ifawritexisted(in1227)aclaimcouldbeenforced;有法院令状，诉讼请求就要强制执行；therewasnorecourseforaclaimwithoutawrit,theclaimdidnot exist.没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求，就没
22、有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。,2023/2/26,法律英语,45,ThissystembecameinflexiblewhentheProvisionsofOxford(1258)prohibitedthecreationofnewwrits,exceptfortheflexibilitywhichthewrituponthecaseallowedandwhichlaterledtothedevelopmentofcontractandtortlaw.这一制度在（1258年）“牛津条例”禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来；除非“本案令状”允许了灵活性的例外，后者后来发展成合同与侵权法。,2
23、023/2/26,法律英语,46,Thenarrowlimitsoftheformsofactionandthelimitedrecoursetheyprovidedledtothedevelopmentofequitylaw andequitycaselaw.诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。,2023/2/26,法律英语,47,衡平法,由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避免过分重视令状和程序方面的技术性问题，而集中考虑案情的理据得失，最终发展出有别于普通法的法律规范，就是衡平法。,2023/2/26,法律英语,48,“Equity”doing
24、equity公平行为公平decidingexaequoetbono决定公平且善良（拉丁语）wasfirstgrantedbytheKing,andlaterbyhisChancelloraskeeperoftheKingsconscience,to afford relief in hardship cases.首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出，以便对难以解决的案例提供救济。,2023/2/26,法律英语,49,Inthefifteenthcentury,however,equitylawandequitycaselaw developedintoanindependent
25、 legalsystemandjudiciary(Court ofchancery)whichcompetedwiththeordinarycommonlawcourts.15世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。,2023/2/26,法律英语,50,普通法,衡平法,普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。,2023/2/26,法律英语,51,Itsrulesandmaximsbecamefixedand,toadegre
26、e,inflexibleasin anylegalsystem.衡平法的规则和原则逐渐确定，与任何法律制度一样，具有一定程度的固定性。,equitylaw,2023/2/26,法律英语,52,reliefintheformofspecificperformance特殊履行的救济方式theinjunction禁令（临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令）thedevelopmentofsocalled maximsofequitylaw形成所谓的衡平法座右铭,Specialcharacteristicsofequitylaw：,2023/2/26,法律英语,53,However,equitabl
27、ereliefregularlywill lieonlywhenthecommonlawreliefis inadequate.不过，只有当普通法救济不充分时，才适用衡平救济。,2023/2/26,法律英语,54,Forinstance,specificperformanceforthepurchaseofrealproperty willbegrantedbecausecommonlawdamagesaredeemedtobeinadequatesince theycannotcompensatethebuyer inviewoftheuniquenessattributedto realp
28、roperty.例如，对购买不动产提供特殊履行的救济，因为普通法的赔偿被认为不充分，由于不动产具有特殊性，普通法的赔偿无法补偿买方。,2023/2/26,法律英语,55,Asthecommonlaw,equitylawbecamepartofAmericanlaw eitherthroughjudicialacceptance司法接受orthroughexpressstatutory provision明确的成文法条款,2023/2/26,法律英语,56,Today,bothlegalsystemshavebeenmergedinmanyAmericanjurisdictions,普通法衡平法
29、,thereisonlyoneformofcivilsuit inthesejurisdictionsaswellas infederalpractice.在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有一套民事诉讼形式,2023/2/26,法律英语,57,美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维菲尔德起草的菲尔德民事程序法典，稍后更成立了一个“法典化委员会”来“将纽约州的全部法律简化为成文的、系统化的法典”。,2023/2/26,法律英语,58,OnlyfewStatescontinuetomaintainaseparatechancerycourt.独立大法官法庭,2023/2/26,法律英语,59,R
30、eference to the historical development is important参考历史发展非常重要,It explains the origin and significance of many contemporary legal concepts,2023/2/26,法律英语,60,itisstillrelevantforthedecisionofsuchquestions,Reference to the historical development is important参考历史发展非常重要,2023/2/26,法律英语,61,“ordinary”common
31、lawreliefofdamages普通法规定的赔偿金救济,“extraordinary”equityremedyofspecificperformance衡平法规定的特定履行救济,2023/2/26,法律英语,62,Caselawdescribestheentirebodyofjudgemadelawandtodayincludescommonlawandequityprecedents.“判例法”指所有的法官定法，目前既包括普通法，也包括衡平法先例。,2023/2/26,法律英语,63,Inimpreciseandconfusingusage theterms commonlawandca
32、selawareoftenusedsynonymously,withtheterm“commonlaw”in this usageconnotingjudge-madelawingeneralascontrastedwithstatutorylaw.普通法与判例法混用，被用作同义词，是指“法官定法”。是与成文法相对的概念。,2023/2/26,法律英语,64,Caselaw：alwaysconnotesjudgemadelaw判例法总是指法官定法commonlaw：eitherthe judgemadelawincommonlawsubjectmattersor,more extensivel
33、y,alljudge-madelaw.普通法既包括普通法意义上的法官定法，又包括更广义的所有的法官定法,2023/2/26,法律英语,65,Part II Elementary Knowledge of law,How is law classified?Source of lawLanguage focus,2023/2/26,法律英语,66,II-1 Classification of Law,Common law and EquityDistinguishing law by looking at to whom the law is addressed.Private law rela
34、tes to individual citizens(contract law,tort law,property law,company law,family law,etc.)Public law relates to institutions of government(constitution,administrative law,criminal law,tax law,etc.),According to different criterions,law can be categorized in a number of ways.In Anglo-American legal s
35、ystem countries,2023/2/26,法律英语,67,C)Procedural law and Substantive lawProcedural law regulates how rights and obligations are enforcedSubstantive law defines rights and obligations.,2023/2/26,法律英语,68,II-2 Source of Law,Generally,law comes from sources:constitution,statutes and court decisions,but ev
36、ery country has its own features.What we talking about are the sources of Anglo-American law,English lawLegislation and case lawLegislation is produced through parliamentary systemCase law created by judges in the course of deciding cases(court decision,judicial decision/common law/equity),American
37、lawConstitutionStatutesEnacted by Congress or the legislature or a state(legislation)Administrative rules and regulationLegislative bodies give their power to governmental entities,eg.,EPA,SECCommon law,2023/2/26,法律英语,69,English Law British legal system,There is no written English constitution.There
38、 is no official codification(subject arrangement)of English statutes,except through Commercial publishers(unofficial sources).Any statute passed by Parliament is by definition valid and not subject to review by the courts.Thus,a statutes“constitutionality”is not an issue the court can address.Only P
39、arliament may act to change a law.,2023/2/26,法律英语,70,Structure of the English Court System,House of Lords the final court of appeal for civil and criminal cases from England and Wales.Courts of Appeal(Civil/Criminal)have only appellate jurisdiction.High Court of Justice/Crown Court have both appella
40、te and original jurisdiction.Magistrates/County Courts lower courts with limited jurisdiction.,2023/2/26,法律英语,71,Regulations,Parliament may grant to a Minister,board,or local authority the power to make rules and regulations in an area covered genlly by an Act of Parliament.These rules have the same
41、 force of law as the enabling statute.Orders in Council(made by the Queen in Councilauthority comes from Royal Prerogative).When published,British administrative regulations are known as Statutory Instruments,or Statutory Rules and Orders.,2023/2/26,法律英语,72,Parliament may grant to a Minister,board,o
42、r local authority the power to make rules and regulations in an area covered genlly by an Act of Parliament.These rules have the same force of law as the enabling statute.Orders in Council(made by the Queen in Councilauthority comes from Royal Prerogative).When published,British administrative regul
43、ations are known as Statutory Instruments,or Statutory Rules and Orders.,2023/2/26,法律英语,73,Honest LawyerAn investment counselor went out on her own.She was shrewd and diligent,so business kept coming in,and pretty soon she realized she needed an in-house counsel,so she began interviewing young lawye
44、rs.As Im sure you can understand,she started off with one of the first applicants,in a business like this,our personal integrity must be beyond question.She leaned forward.Mr.Peterson,are you an“honest”lawyer?,2023/2/26,法律英语,74,Honest?replied the job prospect.Let me tell you something about honesty.
45、Why,Im so honest that my father lent me fifteen thousand dollars for my education and I paid back every penny the minute I tried my very first case.Impressive.And what sort of case was that?The lawyer squirmed in his seat and admitted,He sued me for the money.,2023/2/26,法律英语,75,The Table of Governme
46、ntal Orders(HMSO,annual)lists numerically all general rules,orders,and staty instruments since 1671.Monthly List of Statutory Instruments(online at:http:/www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/stat.htm).Halsburys Statutory Instruments(Butterworths,1951-present)(Lexis:SI/STATIS)(Westlaw:UK-SI).Statutory orders
47、in annotations of Halsburys Statutes/Current Law Legislation Citator(KD296.842).,2023/2/26,法律英语,76,Secondary Sources,Legal Journals,Encyclopedias,Treatises,Practitioners Handbooks,Reference Sources,and other materials.English law journals(faculty-edited),e.g.,Cambridge Law Journal,Law Quarterly Revi
48、ew,and Oxford Journal of Legal Studies.Most indexed in Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals/Current Law Index/Legal Resource Index(3rd Floor).,2023/2/26,法律英语,77,Problems with Terminology,“English and Americans are two peoples separated by a common language.”Winston Churchill.Labor vs.Labour Organizati
49、on vs.Organisation Taliban vs.Taleban,2023/2/26,法律英语,78,Exercise,民法刑法程序法实体法公法私法普通法系成文法系普通法衡平法,Common law systemPublic lawequityCriminal lawPrivate lawCivil lawProcedural lawCommon lawSubstantive lawContinental legal system/civil law system,Match the following Chinese terms with their English Equival
50、ents by drawing lines between them.,2023/2/26,法律英语,79,重点词汇,UnitedStatesSupremeCourtCommon law legal systemCivil law legal systemCase law Statutory lawclassicalRomanlaw,2023/2/26,法律英语,80,privatelawbinding interpretationitinerantjudgesEnglishroyalcourtEnforcement，claim，action，writwrituponthecase,2023/
